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Covariate adjustment is desired by both practitioners and regulators of randomized clinical trials because it improves precision for estimating treatment effects. However, covariate adjustment presents a particular challenge in…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-07-20 Yunfan Li , Jessica L. Ross , Aaron M. Smith , David P. Miller

Reliable causal effect estimation from observational data requires adjustment for confounding and sufficient overlap in covariate distributions between treatment groups. However, in high-dimensional settings, lack of overlap often inflates…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-21 Linying Yang , Robin J. Evans

Regression discontinuity designs are widely used when treatment assignment is determined by whether a running variable exceeds a predefined threshold. However, most research focuses on estimating local causal effects at the threshold,…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-01-06 Xinqin Feng , Wenjie Hu , Pu Yang , Tingyu Li , Xiao-Hua Zhou

In this article, we study nonparametric inference for a covariate-adjusted regression function. This parameter captures the average association between a continuous exposure and an outcome after adjusting for other covariates. In…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-12-18 Kenta Takatsu , Ted Westling

In semi-logarithmic regressions, treatment coefficients are often interpreted as approximations of the average treatment effect (ATE) in percentage points. This paper highlights the overlooked bias of this approximation under treatment…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-02-04 Ying Zeng

Two-phase designs measure variables of interest on a subcohort where the outcome and covariates are readily available or cheap to collect on all individuals in the cohort. Given limited resource availability, it is of interest to find an…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-01-11 Tong Chen , Thomas Lumley

Randomized controlled trials often suffer from interference, a violation of the Stable Unit Treatment Values Assumption (SUTVA) in which a unit's treatment assignment affects the outcomes of its neighbors. This interference causes bias in…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-02-06 Vydhourie Thiyageswaran , Tyler McCormick , Jennifer Brennan

We provide a principled way for investigators to analyze randomized experiments when the number of covariates is large. Investigators often use linear multivariate regression to analyze randomized experiments instead of simply reporting the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-06-08 Adam Bloniarz , Hanzhong Liu , Cun-Hui Zhang , Jasjeet Sekhon , Bin Yu

This book chapter introduces regression approaches and regression adjustment for Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC). Regression adjustment adjusts parameter values after rejection sampling in order to account for the imperfect match…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-07-06 Michael GB Blum

After deployment, machine learning models often experience performance degradation due to shifts in data distribution. It is challenging to assess post-deployment performance accurately when labels are missing or delayed. Existing proxy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Jakub Białek , Juhani Kivimäki , Wojtek Kuberski , Nikolaos Perrakis

Statistical power is often a concern for clustered RCTs due to variance inflation from design effects and the high cost of adding study clusters (such as hospitals, schools, or communities). While covariate pre-specification is the…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-05-07 Peter Z. Schochet

Although a majority of the theoretical literature in high-dimensional statistics has focused on settings which involve fully-observed data, settings with missing values and corruptions are common in practice. We consider the problems of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-11-06 Yining Wang , Jialei Wang , Sivaraman Balakrishnan , Aarti Singh

Replicating causal estimates across different cohorts is crucial for increasing the integrity of epidemiological studies. However, strong assumptions regarding unmeasured confounding and effect modification often hinder this goal. By…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-23 Roy S. Zawadzki , Daniel L. Gillen

To maximize clinical benefit, clinicians routinely tailor treatment to the individual characteristics of each patient, where individualized treatment rules are needed and are of significant research interest to statisticians. In the…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-11-23 Trinetri Ghosh , Yanyuan Ma , Rui Song , Pingshou Zhong

Mean-based estimators of causal effects in randomized experiments may behave poorly if the potential outcomes have a heavy tail or contain outliers. An alternative estimator proposed by Rosenbaum (1993) estimates a constant additive…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-09 Aditya Ghosh , Nabarun Deb , Bikram Karmakar , Bodhisattva Sen

We consider the problem of estimating the average treatment effect (ATE) in a semi-supervised learning setting, where a very small proportion of the entire set of observations are labeled with the true outcome but features predictive of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-10-27 David Cheng , Ashwin Ananthakrishnan , Tianxi Cai

Randomized experiments are the gold standard for investigating causal relationships, with comparisons of potential outcomes under different treatment groups used to estimate treatment effects. However, outcomes with heavy-tailed…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-09 Hongzi Li , Wei Ma , Yingying Ma , Hanzhong Liu

This study addresses the challenge of estimating average treatment effects (ATEs) for advertising campaigns in online marketplaces where complete randomized experimentation is infeasible. We propose two key innovations: (1) a shrinkage…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-01 Yen-Chun Liu , Alexander Volfovsky , German Schnaidt , Cristobal Garib , Eric Laber

Heterogeneous treatment effects, which vary according to individual covariates, are crucial in fields such as personalized medicine and tailored treatment strategies. In many applications, rather than considering the heterogeneity induced…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-26 Peng Wu , Pengtao Zeng , Zhaoqing Tian , Shaojie Wei

Covariate-adaptive randomization is widely employed to balance baseline covariates in interventional studies such as clinical trials and experiments in development economics. Recent years have witnessed substantial progress in inference…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-05-30 Jiahui Xin , Hanzhong Liu , Wei Ma