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We propose Partition Tree, a novel tree-based framework for conditional density estimation over general outcome spaces that supports both continuous and categorical variables within a unified formulation. Our approach models conditional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Felipe Angelim , Alessandro Leite

Regression trees and their ensemble methods are popular methods for nonparametric regression: they combine strong predictive performance with interpretable estimators. To improve their utility for locally smooth response surfaces, we study…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-09-13 Sören R. Künzel , Theo F. Saarinen , Edward W. Liu , Jasjeet S. Sekhon

Causal inference is essential for data-driven decision-making, as it aims to uncover causal relationships from observational data. However, identifying causality remains challenging due to the potential for confounding and the distinction…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-08 Tianyu Yang , Md. Noor-E-Alam

Probabilistic programming frameworks are powerful tools for statistical modelling and inference. They are not immediately generalisable to phylogenetic problems due to the particular computational properties of the phylogenetic tree object.…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2022-11-11 Christiaan Swanepoel , Mathieu Fourment , Xiang Ji , Hassan Nasif , Marc A Suchard , Frederick A Matsen , Alexei Drummond

Bayesian Additive Regression Trees [BART, Chipman et al., 2010] have gained significant popularity due to their remarkable predictive performance and ability to quantify uncertainty. However, standard decision tree models rely on recursive…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-01-20 Stamatina Lamprinakou , Huiyan Sang , Bledar A. Konomi , Ligang Lu

Standard methods of using categorical variables as predictors either endow them with an ordinal structure or assume they have no structure at all. However, categorical variables often possess structure that is more complicated than a linear…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-04-17 Brian Lucena

Ren et al. recently introduced a method for aggregating multiple decision trees into a strong predictor by interpreting a path taken by a sample down each tree as a binary vector and performing linear regression on top of these vectors…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-09-05 Nenad Markuš , Ivan Gogić , Igor S. Pandžić , Jörgen Ahlberg

Tree ensembles are non-parametric methods widely recognized for their accuracy and ability to capture complex interactions. While these models excel at prediction, they are difficult to interpret and may fail to uncover useful relationships…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-01 Brian Liu , Rahul Mazumder , Peter Radchenko

Bayesian Decision Trees are known for their probabilistic interpretability. However, their construction can sometimes be costly. In this article we present a general Bayesian Decision Tree algorithm applicable to both regression and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-09-23 Giuseppe Nuti , Lluís Antoni Jiménez Rugama , Andreea-Ingrid Cross

Decision trees are popular in survival analysis for their interpretability and ability to model complex relationships. Survival trees, which predict the timing of singular events using censored historical data, are typically built through…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Antonio Consolo , Edoardo Amaldi , Emilio Carrizosa

Real-life machine learning problems exhibit distributional shifts in the data from one time to another or from one place to another. This behavior is beyond the scope of the traditional empirical risk minimization paradigm, which assumes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Timothy DeLise

Decision trees are simple, yet powerful, classification models used to classify categorical and numerical data, and, despite their simplicity, they are commonly used in operations research and management, as well as in knowledge mining.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-03-13 Andrea Brunello , Guido Sciavicco , Ionel Eduard Stan

Connected acyclic graphs (trees) are data objects that hierarchically organize categories. Collections of trees arise in a diverse variety of fields, including evolutionary biology, public health, machine learning, social sciences and…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-01 Maria Alejandra Valdez Cabrera , Amy D Willis , Armeen Taeb

In the literature, two series of models have been proposed to address prediction problems including classification and regression. Simple models, such as generalized linear models, have ordinary performance but strong interpretability on a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-11-01 Jingbo Shang , Meng Jiang , Wenzhu Tong , Jinfeng Xiao , Jian Peng , Jiawei Han

Decision trees are an extremely popular machine learning technique. Unfortunately, overfitting in decision trees still remains an open issue that sometimes prevents achieving good performance. In this work, we present a novel approach for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-05 Rafael Garcia Leiva , Antonio Fernandez Anta , Vincenzo Mancuso , Paolo Casari

When using machine learning for imbalanced binary classification problems, it is common to subsample the majority class to create a (more) balanced training dataset. This biases the model's predictions because the model learns from data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Nathan Phelps , Daniel J. Lizotte , Douglas G. Woolford

Random forests have become an established tool for classification and regression, in particular in high-dimensional settings and in the presence of complex predictor-response relationships. For bounded outcome variables restricted to the…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-01-21 Leonie Weinhold , Matthias Schmid , Marvin N. Wright , Moritz Berger

In this paper, we show that conditional inference trees and ensembles are suitable methods for modeling linguistic variation. As against earlier linguistic applications, however, we claim that their suitability is strongly increased if we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Claus Weihs , Sarah Buschfeld

Various modifications of decision trees have been extensively used during the past years due to their high efficiency and interpretability. Tree node splitting based on relevant feature selection is a key step of decision tree learning, at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-09-05 Dmitry Ignatov , Andrey Ignatov

Decision trees have been a very popular class of predictive models for decades due to their interpretability and good performance on categorical features. However, they are not always robust and tend to overfit the data. Additionally, if…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-14 Oktay Gunluk , Jayant Kalagnanam , Minhan Li , Matt Menickelly , Katya Scheinberg