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Tokenization plays a critical role in language modeling, yet existing approaches such as Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE) or WordPiece operate purely on frequency statistics, ignoring the underlying semantic structure of text. This leads to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Dong Liu , Yanxuan Yu

Memory retention challenges in deep neural architectures have ongoing limitations in the ability to process and recall extended contextual information. Token dependencies degrade as sequence length increases, leading to a decline in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Frederick Dillon , Gregor Halvorsen , Simon Tattershall , Magnus Rowntree , Gareth Vanderpool

The increasing use of token-based representations in language-driven applications has motivated wireless token communication, where tokens are treated as fundamental units for transmission. However, conventional communication systems…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-05 Junyong Shin , Joohyuk Park , Yongjeong Oh , Jihong Park , Jinho Choi , Yo-Seb Jeon

Similar to natural language models, pre-trained genome language models are proposed to capture the underlying intricacies within genomes with unsupervised sequence modeling. They have become essential tools for researchers and practitioners…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2024-06-04 Siyuan Li , Zedong Wang , Zicheng Liu , Di Wu , Cheng Tan , Jiangbin Zheng , Yufei Huang , Stan Z. Li

While language models are increasingly utilized in materials science, typical models rely on frequency-centric tokenization methods originally developed for natural language processing. However, these methods frequently produce excessive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Yerim Oh , Jun-Hyung Park , Junho Kim , SungHo Kim , SangKeun Lee

While modern Transformer-based language models (LMs) have achieved major success in multi-task generalization, they often struggle to capture long-range dependencies within their context window. This work introduces a novel approach using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Alok N. Shah , Khush Gupta , Keshav Ramji , Pratik Chaudhari

Transformer-based models have achieved state-of-the-art results in many natural language processing tasks. The self-attention architecture allows transformer to combine information from all elements of a sequence into context-aware…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-17 Mikhail S. Burtsev , Yuri Kuratov , Anton Peganov , Grigory V. Sapunov

There are already many DNA large language models, but most of them still follow traditional uses, such as extracting sequence features for classification tasks. More innovative applications of large language models, such as prompt…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-29 Wang Liang

Major progress on language models (LMs) in recent years has largely resulted from moving away from specialized models designed for specific tasks, to general models based on powerful architectures (e.g. the Transformer) that learn…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Sukjun Hwang , Brandon Wang , Albert Gu

Subword tokenization is a common method for vocabulary building in Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models. However, increasingly complex tasks have revealed its disadvantages. First, a vocabulary cannot be modified once it is learned,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Langlin Huang , Yang Feng

Models that rely on subword tokenization have significant drawbacks, such as sensitivity to character-level noise like spelling errors and inconsistent compression rates across different languages and scripts. While character- or byte-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Julie Kallini , Shikhar Murty , Christopher D. Manning , Christopher Potts , Róbert Csordás

In the era of large language models, model merging is a promising way to combine multiple task-specific models into a single multitask model without extra training. However, two challenges remain: (a) interference between different models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Zhenyi Lu , Chenghao Fan , Wei Wei , Xiaoye Qu , Dangyang Chen , Yu Cheng

Masked image modeling (MIM) has emerged as a promising approach for pre-training Vision Transformers (ViTs). MIMs predict masked tokens token-wise to recover target signals that are tokenized from images or generated by pre-trained models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Taekyung Kim , Byeongho Heo , Dongyoon Han

Tokenization is a fundamental component of language models for code. It involves breaking down the input into units that are later passed to the language model stack to learn high-dimensional representations used in various contexts, from…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Mootez Saad , Hao Li , Tushar Sharma , Ahmed E. Hassan

Sequence decoding is one of the core components of most visual-lingual models. However, typical neural decoders when faced with decoding multiple, possibly correlated, sequences of tokens resort to simple independent decoding schemes. In…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-17 Bicheng Xu , Leonid Sigal

Extending pre-trained text Large Language Models (LLMs)'s speech understanding or generation abilities by introducing various effective speech tokens has attracted great attention in the speech community. However, building a unified speech…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Yuanyuan Wang , Dongchao Yang , Yiwen Shao , Hangting Chen , Jiankun Zhao , Zhiyong Wu , Helen Meng , Xixin Wu

Although DNA foundation models have advanced the understanding of genomes, they still face significant challenges in the limited scale and diversity of genomic data. This limitation starkly contrasts with the success of natural language…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2024-02-14 Huixin Zhan , Ying Nian Wu , Zijun Zhang

Decoding the linguistic intricacies of the genome is a crucial problem in biology, and pre-trained foundational models such as DNABERT and Nucleotide Transformer have made significant strides in this area. Existing works have largely hinged…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2024-03-20 Zhihan Zhou , Yanrong Ji , Weijian Li , Pratik Dutta , Ramana Davuluri , Han Liu

DNA sequences encode critical genetic information, yet their variable length and discrete nature impede direct utilization in deep learning models. Existing DNA representation schemes convert sequences into numerical vectors but fail to…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2025-12-16 Zhiyuan Peng , Naifan Zhang , Yuanbo Tang , Yang Li

Subword tokenization introduces a computational layer in language models where many distinct token sequences decode to the same surface form and preserve meaning, yet induce different internal computations. Despite this non-uniqueness,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Adrian Cosma , Stefan Ruseti , Emilian Radoi , Mihai Dascalu