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Diffusion models have emerged as powerful tools for molecular generation, particularly in the context of 3D molecular structures. Inspired by non-equilibrium statistical physics, these models can generate 3D molecular structures with…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2025-05-16 Amira Alakhdar , Barnabas Poczos , Newell Washburn

Since its foundations, more than one hundred years ago, the field of structural biology has strived to understand and analyze the properties of molecules and their interactions by studying the structure that they take in 3D space. However,…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-02-27 Gabriele Corso

Designing ligand-binding proteins, such as enzymes and biosensors, is essential in bioengineering and protein biology. One critical step in this process involves designing protein pockets, the protein interface binding with the ligand.…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-01 Zaixi Zhang , Marinka Zitnik , Qi Liu

With the emergence of diffusion models as a frontline generative model, many researchers have proposed molecule generation techniques with conditional diffusion models. However, the unavoidable discreteness of a molecule makes it difficult…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Jinho Chang , Jong Chul Ye

3D molecule generation is crucial for drug discovery and material design. While prior efforts focus on 3D diffusion models for their benefits in modeling continuous 3D conformers, they overlook the advantages of 1D SELFIES-based Language…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2025-02-28 Zhiyuan Liu , Yanchen Luo , Han Huang , Enzhi Zhang , Sihang Li , Junfeng Fang , Yaorui Shi , Xiang Wang , Kenji Kawaguchi , Tat-Seng Chua

Molecule generation is a very important practical problem, with uses in drug discovery and material design, and AI methods promise to provide useful solutions. However, existing methods for molecule generation focus either on 2D graph…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Chenqing Hua , Sitao Luan , Minkai Xu , Rex Ying , Jie Fu , Stefano Ermon , Doina Precup

The generation of small molecule candidate (ligand) binding poses in its target protein pocket is important for computer-aided drug discovery. Typical rigid-body docking methods ignore the pocket flexibility of protein, while the more…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-08-03 Jonathan P. Mailoa , Zhaofeng Ye , Jiezhong Qiu , Chang-Yu Hsieh , Shengyu Zhang

Machine learning in drug discovery has been focused on virtual screening of molecular libraries using discriminative models. Generative models are an entirely different approach that learn to represent and optimize molecules in a continuous…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2020-11-17 Matthew Ragoza , Tomohide Masuda , David Ryan Koes

Three-dimensional (3D) deep molecular generative models offer the advantage of goal-directed generation based on 3D-dependent properties, such as binding affinity for structure-based design within binding pockets. Traditional benchmarks…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-07-08 Benoit Baillif , Jason Cole , Patrick McCabe , Andreas Bender

Finding drug-like compounds with high bioactivity is essential for drug discovery, but the task is complicated by the high cost of chemical synthesis and validation. With their outstanding performance in de novo drug design, deep generative…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2023-01-03 Yibo Li , Jianfeng Pei , Luhua Lai

Diffusion generative models have emerged as a powerful framework for addressing problems in structural biology and structure-based drug design. These models operate directly on 3D molecular structures. Due to the unfavorable scaling of…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-05-10 Ian Dunn , David Ryan Koes

In this work, we introduce AutoFragDiff, a fragment-based autoregressive diffusion model for generating 3D molecular structures conditioned on target protein structures. We employ geometric vector perceptrons to predict atom types and…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-01-12 Mahdi Ghorbani , Leo Gendelev , Paul Beroza , Michael J. Keiser

Generative AI has the potential to revolutionize drug discovery. Yet, despite recent advances in deep learning, existing models cannot generate molecules that satisfy all desired physicochemical properties. Herein, we describe IDOLpro, a…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2025-04-29 Amit Kadan , Kevin Ryczko , Erika Lloyd , Adrian Roitberg , Takeshi Yamazaki

Proteins perform their biological functions through three-dimensional structures encoded by amino acid sequences, and ligand-binding protein co-design requires models that generate sequence-structure compatible proteins under explicit…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2026-05-28 Chen Wei , Fanding Xu , Minghao Sun , Zhiyuan Liu , Lin Wang , Tianrui Jia , Yihang Zhou , Yang Zhang

Designing novel proteins that bind to small molecules is a long-standing challenge in computational biology, with applications in developing catalysts, biosensors, and more. Current computational methods rely on the assumption that the…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-09-19 Junqi Liu , Shaoning Li , Chence Shi , Zhi Yang , Jian Tang

Sampling useful three-dimensional molecular structures along with their most favorable conformations is a key challenge in drug discovery. Current state-of-the-art 3D de-novo design flow matching or diffusion-based models are limited to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Riccardo Tedoldi , Ola Engkvist , Patrick Bryant , Hossein Azizpour , Jon Paul Janet , Alessandro Tibo

Proteins are essential macromolecules defined by their amino acid sequences, which determine their three-dimensional structures and, consequently, their functions in all living organisms. Therefore, generative protein modeling necessitates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Xinyou Wang , Zaixiang Zheng , Fei Ye , Dongyu Xue , Shujian Huang , Quanquan Gu

The goal of structure-based drug discovery is to find small molecules that bind to a given target protein. Deep learning has been used to generate drug-like molecules with certain cheminformatic properties, but has not yet been applied to…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2022-01-27 Matthew Ragoza , Tomohide Masuda , David Ryan Koes

Molecular structure generation is a fundamental problem that involves determining the 3D positions of molecules' constituents. It has crucial biological applications, such as molecular docking, protein folding, and molecular design. Recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Wenyin Zhou , Christopher Iliffe Sprague , Vsevolod Viliuga , Matteo Tadiello , Arne Elofsson , Hossein Azizpour

Generating diverse, all-atom conformational ensembles of dynamic proteins such as G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is critical for understanding their function, yet most generative models simplify atomic detail or ignore conformational…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-08-19 Aditya Sengar , Ali Hariri , Daniel Probst , Patrick Barth , Pierre Vandergheynst