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Echo state networks (ESNs) are a powerful form of reservoir computing that only require training of linear output weights whilst the internal reservoir is formed of fixed randomly connected neurons. With a correctly scaled connectivity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Luca Manneschi , Matthew O. A. Ellis , Guido Gigante , Andrew C. Lin , Paolo Del Giudice , Eleni Vasilaki

At the heart of time-series forecasting (TSF) lies a fundamental challenge: how can models efficiently and effectively capture long-range temporal dependencies across ever-growing sequences? While deep learning has brought notable progress,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Hongbo Liu , Jia Xu

What is a neural model with minimum architectural complexity that exhibits reasonable language learning capability? To explore such a simple but sufficient neural language model, we revisit a basic reservoir computing (RC) model, Echo State…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Ryo Ueda , Tatsuki Kuribayashi , Shunsuke Kando , Kentaro Inui

Many natural and physical processes can be understood by analyzing multiple system variables evolving, forming a multivariate time series. Predicting such time series is challenging due to the inherent noise and interdependencies among…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2025-12-11 S. Hariharan , R. Suresh , V. K. Chandrasekar

The Echo State Network (ESN) is a specific recurrent network, which has gained popularity during the last years. The model has a recurrent network named reservoir, that is fixed during the learning process. The reservoir is used for…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-03-21 Sebastián Basterrech

The study of deep recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and, in particular, of deep Reservoir Computing (RC) is gaining an increasing research attention in the neural networks community. The recently introduced Deep Echo State Network (DeepESN)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-28 Claudio Gallicchio , Alessio Micheli

Multilayer neural networks set the current state of the art for many technical classification problems. But, these networks are still, essentially, black boxes in terms of analyzing them and predicting their performance. Here, we develop a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Denis Kleyko , Antonello Rosato , E. Paxon Frady , Massimo Panella , Friedrich T. Sommer

We investigate the ability of an ensemble reservoir computing approach to predict the long-term behaviour of the phase-space region in which the motion of charged particles in hadron storage rings is bounded, the so-called dynamic aperture.…

Accelerator Physics · Physics 2023-01-18 Maxime Casanova , Barbara Dalena , Luca Bonaventura , Massimo Giovannozzi

In many real-world applications, fully-differentiable RNNs such as LSTMs and GRUs have been widely deployed to solve time series learning tasks. These networks train via Backpropagation Through Time, which can work well in practice but…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-10-29 Matthew Evanusa , Snehesh Shrestha , Michelle Girvan , Cornelia Fermüller , Yiannis Aloimonos

An echo state network (ESN) is a type of reservoir computer that uses a recurrent neural network with a sparsely connected hidden layer. Compared with other recurrent neural networks, one great advantage of ESN is the simplicity of its…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-12-17 Clement Dinh , Yunhao Fan , Gia-Wei Chern

Reservoir Computing (RC) is a popular methodology for the efficient design of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs). Recently, the advantages of the RC approach have been extended to the context of multi-layered RNNs, with the introduction of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-25 Claudio Gallicchio , Alessio Micheli

Reservoir computing is a popular approach to design recurrent neural networks, due to its training simplicity and approximation performance. The recurrent part of these networks is not trained (e.g., via gradient descent), making them…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-02-15 Pietro Verzelli , Cesare Alippi , Lorenzo Livi , Peter Tino

Reservoir computing approximation and generalization bounds are proved for a new concept class of input/output systems that extends the so-called generalized Barron functionals to a dynamic context. This new class is characterized by the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Lukas Gonon , Lyudmila Grigoryeva , Juan-Pablo Ortega

Recurrent neural networks are used to forecast time series in finance, climate, language, and from many other domains. Reservoir computers are a particularly easily trainable form of recurrent neural network. Recently, a "next-generation"…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Sarah E. Marzen , Paul M. Riechers , James P. Crutchfield

Echo-State Networks (ESNs) distil a key neurobiological insight: richly recurrent but fixed circuitry combined with adaptive linear read-outs can transform temporal streams with remarkable efficiency. Yet fundamental questions about…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Pradeep Singh , Lavanya Sankaranarayanan , Balasubramanian Raman

Inspired by recent theoretical arguments, physics-informed echo state network (ESN) is discussed on the attempt to train a reservoir model absolutely in physics-informed manner. As the plainest work on such a purpose, an ODE (ordinary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-16 Dong Keun Oh

The goal of this paper is to investigate the theoretical properties, the training algorithm, and the predictive control applications of Echo State Networks (ESNs), a particular kind of Recurrent Neural Networks. First, a condition…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-02-06 Luca Bugliari Armenio , Enrico Terzi , Marcello Farina , Riccardo Scattolini

Echo state networks are computationally lightweight reservoir models inspired by the random projections observed in cortical circuitry. As interest in reservoir computing has grown, networks have become deeper and more intricate. While…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-08-23 Zachariah Carmichael , Humza Syed , Dhireesha Kudithipudi

An Echo State Network (ESN) is a type of single-layer recurrent neural network with randomly-chosen internal weights and a trainable output layer. We prove under mild conditions that a sufficiently large Echo State Network can approximate…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2021-06-28 Allen G. Hart , Kevin R. Olding , A. M. G. Cox , Olga Isupova , J. H. P. Dawes

The prefrontal cortex is known to be involved in many high-level cognitive functions, in particular, working memory. Here, we study to what extent a group of randomly connected units (namely an Echo State Network, ESN) can store and…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2018-06-19 Anthony Strock , Nicolas Rougier , Xavier Hinaut