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Encrypted traffic classification is highly challenging in network security due to the need for extracting robust features from content-agnostic traffic data. Existing approaches face critical issues: (i) Distribution drift, caused by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Xinjie Lin , Gang Xiong , Gaopeng Gou , Wenqi Dong , Jing Yu , Zhen Li , Wei Xia

Federated learning (FL) has received a surge of interest in recent years thanks to its benefits in data privacy protection, efficient communication, and parallel data processing. Also, with appropriate algorithmic designs, one could achieve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-19 Xin Zhang , Minghong Fang , Zhuqing Liu , Haibo Yang , Jia Liu , Zhengyuan Zhu

Federated Learning (FL) is a distributed training paradigm that enables clients scattered across the world to cooperatively learn a global model without divulging confidential data. However, FL faces a significant challenge in the form of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Xidong Wu , Wan-Yi Lin , Devin Willmott , Filipe Condessa , Yufei Huang , Zhenzhen Li , Madan Ravi Ganesh

Federated Learning (FL) has garnered significant interest recently due to its potential as an effective solution for tackling many challenges in diverse application scenarios, for example, data privacy in network edge traffic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Faisal Ahmed , Myungjin Lee , Suresh Subramaniam , Motoharu Matsuura , Hiroshi Hasegawa , Shih-Chun Lin

Internet traffic classification plays a key role in network visibility, Quality of Services (QoS), intrusion detection, Quality of Experience (QoE) and traffic-trend analyses. In order to improve privacy, integrity, confidentiality, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Ofek Bader , Adi Lichy , Amit Dvir , Ran Dubin , Chen Hajaj

Federated learning (FL) focuses on collaborative model training without the need to move the private data silos to a central server. Despite its several benefits, the classical FL is plagued with several limitations, such as high…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-21 Siva Sai , Abhishek Sawaika , Prabhjot Singh , Rajkumar Buyya

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is highly sensitive to data privacy and cybersecurity threats. Federated Learning (FL) has emerged as a solution for preserving privacy, enabling private data to remain on local IIoT clients while…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Samira Kamali Poorazad , Chafika Benzaid , Tarik Taleb

Federated learning (FL) is increasingly adopted in domains like healthcare, where data privacy is paramount. A fundamental challenge in these systems is statistical heterogeneity-the fact that data distributions vary significantly across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Zijian Wang , Xiaofei Zhang , Xin Zhang , Yukun Liu , Qiong Zhang

As a privacy-preserving paradigm for training Machine Learning (ML) models, Federated Learning (FL) has received tremendous attention from both industry and academia. In a typical FL scenario, clients exhibit significant heterogeneity in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Lei Fu , Huanle Zhang , Ge Gao , Mi Zhang , Xin Liu

Modern networks carry increasingly diverse and encrypted traffic types that demand classification techniques beyond traditional port-based and payload-based methods. This tutorial provides a practical, end-to-end guide to building…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Adrian Pekar , Richard Plny , Karel Hynek

The rapid growth in Internet of Things (IoT) technology has become an integral part of today's industries forming the Industrial IoT (IIoT) initiative, where industries are leveraging IoT to improve communication and connectivity via…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Lochana Telugu Rajesh , Tapadhir Das , Raj Mani Shukla , Shamik Sengupta

Machine learning (ML) tasks are becoming ubiquitous in today's network applications. Federated learning has emerged recently as a technique for training ML models at the network edge by leveraging processing capabilities across the nodes…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Seyyedali Hosseinalipour , Christopher G. Brinton , Vaneet Aggarwal , Huaiyu Dai , Mung Chiang

Federated Learning (FL) trains deep models across edge devices without centralizing raw data, preserving user privacy. However, client heterogeneity slows down convergence and limits global model accuracy. Clustered FL (CFL) mitigates this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Minghao Li , Dmitrii Avdiukhin , Rana Shahout , Nikita Ivkin , Vladimir Braverman , Minlan Yu

Nowadays, devices are equipped with advanced sensors with higher processing/computing capabilities. Further, widespread Internet availability enables communication among sensing devices. As a result, vast amounts of data are generated on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-26 Ahmed Imteaj , Urmish Thakker , Shiqiang Wang , Jian Li , M. Hadi Amini

Federated Learning (FL) is a privacy-preserving machine learning (ML) technology that enables collaborative training and learning of a global ML model based on aggregating distributed local model updates. However, security and privacy…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Hao Guo , Collin Meese , Wanxin Li , Chien-Chung Shen , Mark Nejad

Federated Learning (FL) allows training machine learning models in privacy-constrained scenarios by enabling the cooperation of edge devices without requiring local data sharing. This approach raises several challenges due to the different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-02 Riccardo Zaccone , Andrea Rizzardi , Debora Caldarola , Marco Ciccone , Barbara Caputo

Split Learning (SL) is a promising collaborative machine learning approach, enabling resource-constrained devices to train models without sharing raw data, while reducing computational load and preserving privacy simultaneously. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Yunrui Sun , Gang Hu , Yinglei Teng , Dunbo Cai

Motivated by the emergence of large language models (LLMs) and the importance of democratizing their training, we propose GWTF, the first crash tolerant practical decentralized training framework for LLMs. Differently from existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Nikolay Blagoev , Bart Cox , Jérémie Decouchant , Lydia Y. Chen

Federated learning (FL) addresses privacy and data-silo issues in the training of large language models (LLMs). Most prior work focuses on improving the efficiency of federated learning for LLMs (FedLLM). However, security in open federated…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Mingxiang Tao , Yu Tian , Wenxuan Tu , Yue Yang , Xue Yang , Xiangyan Tang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive success across various tasks. Integrating LLMs with Federated Learning (FL), a paradigm known as FedLLM, offers a promising avenue for collaborative model adaptation while preserving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Yebo Wu , Chunlin Tian , Jingguang Li , He Sun , Kahou Tam , Zhanting Zhou , Haicheng Liao , Jing Xiong , Zhijiang Guo , Li Li , Chengzhong Xu