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Proving super-polynomial size lower bounds for $\textsf{TC}^0$, the class of constant-depth, polynomial-size circuits of Majority gates, is a notorious open problem in complexity theory. A major frontier is to prove that $\textsf{NEXP}$…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-05-29 Lijie Chen

There are various notions of quantum pseudorandomness, such as pseudorandom unitaries (PRUs), pseudorandom state generators (PRSGs) and pseudorandom function-like state generators (PRFSGs). Unlike classical pseudorandomness, where different…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-11 Samuel Bouaziz--Ermann , Minki Hhan , Garazi Muguruza , Quoc-Huy Vu

The global Lipschitz constant of a neural network is related to robustness and generalization, yet unlike in many classical models, it is not plainly legible from the parameters. This has motivated sophisticated verification algorithms,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Simon Kuang , Yuezhu Xu , S. Sivaranjani , Xinfan Lin

We provide an $\Omega(log(n))$ lower bound for the depth of any quantum circuit generating the unique groundstate of Kitaev's spherical code. No circuit-depth lower bound was known before on this code in the general case where the gates can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-10 Dorit Aharonov , Yonathan Touati

Context: AI code generators are revolutionizing code writing and software development, but their training on large datasets, including potentially untrusted source code, raises security concerns. Furthermore, these generators can produce…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Domenico Cotroneo , Roberta De Luca , Pietro Liguori

In principle a 1D array of nearest-neighbour linked qubits is compatible with fault tolerant quantum computing. However such a restricted topology necessitates a large overhead for shuffling qubits and consequently the fault tolerance…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-12 Ying Li , Simon C. Benjamin

In order to formally understand the power of neural computing, we first need to crack the frontier of threshold circuits with two and three layers, a regime that has been surprisingly intractable to analyze. We prove the first super-linear…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-02-01 Daniel M. Kane , Ryan Williams

Quantifying quantum states' complexity is a key problem in various subfields of science, from quantum computing to black-hole physics. We prove a prominent conjecture by Brown and Susskind about how random quantum circuits' complexity…

We develop a rigorous and implementable framework for Gibbs sampling of infinite-dimensional quantum systems governed by unbounded Hamiltonians. Extending dissipative Gibbs samplers beyond finite dimensions raises fundamental obstacles,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-02 Simon Becker , Cambyse Rouzé , Robert Salzmann

In this paper we propose a novel semi-definite programming approach that solves reach-avoid problems over open (i.e., not bounded a priori) time horizons for dynamical systems modeled by polynomial stochastic differential equations. The…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-12-22 Bai Xue , Naijun Zhan , Martin Fränzle

We present an accreditation protocol for the outputs of noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices. By testing entire circuits rather than individual gates, our accreditation protocol can provide an upper-bound on the variation distance…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-21 Samuele Ferracin , Theodoros Kapourniotis , Animesh Datta

It has been known for almost 30 years that quantum circuits with interspersed depolarizing noise converge to the uniform distribution at $\omega(\log n)$ depth, where $n$ is the number of qubits, making them classically simulable. We show…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-09 Jon Nelson , Joel Rajakumar , Michael J. Gullans

Measurements on entangled quantum systems necessarily yield outcomes that are intrinsically unpredictable if they violate a Bell inequality. This property can be used to generate certified randomness in a device-independent way, i.e.,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-01-31 Stefano Pironio , Serge Massar

We establish connections between state tomography, pseudorandomness, quantum state synthesis, and circuit lower bounds. In particular, let $\mathfrak{C}$ be a family of non-uniform quantum circuits of polynomial size and suppose that there…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-26 Nai-Hui Chia , Daniel Liang , Fang Song

Prior work has shown that there exists a relation problem which can be solved with certainty by a constant-depth quantum circuit composed of geometrically local gates in two dimensions, but cannot be solved with high probability by any…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-14 Sergey Bravyi , David Gosset , Robert Koenig , Marco Tomamichel

Motivated by the theory of proof complexity generators we consider the following $\Sigma^p_2$ search problem $\mbox{DD}_P$ determined by a propositional proof system $P$: given a $P$-proof $\pi$ of a disjunction $\bigvee_i {\alpha}_i$, no…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Jan Krajicek

Two schemes are presented that mitigate the effect of errors and decoherence in short depth quantum circuits. The size of the circuits for which these techniques can be applied is limited by the rate at which the errors in the computation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-08 Kristan Temme , Sergey Bravyi , Jay M. Gambetta

Two models were recently proposed to explore the robust hardness of Gr\"obner basis computation. Given a polynomial system, both models allow an algorithm to selectively ignore some of the polynomials: the algorithm is only responsible for…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2018-07-18 Gwen Spencer

Hardness magnification reduces major complexity separations (such as $\mathsf{\mathsf{EXP}} \nsubseteq \mathsf{NC}^1$) to proving lower bounds for some natural problem $Q$ against weak circuit models. Several recent works [OS18, MMW19,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2019-11-20 Lijie Chen , Shuichi Hirahara , Igor C. Oliveira , Jan Pich , Ninad Rajgopal , Rahul Santhanam

Harnessing quantum processes is an efficient method to generate truly indeterministic random numbers, which are of fundamental importance for cryptographic protocols, security applications or Monte-Carlo simulations. Recently, quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-14 Johannes Thewes , Carolin Lüders , Marc Aßmann