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Classical reinforcement learning (RL) aims to optimize the expected cumulative rewards. In this work, we consider the RL setting where the goal is to optimize the quantile of the cumulative rewards. We parameterize the policy controlling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-17 Jinyang Jiang , Jiaqiao Hu , Yijie Peng

Policy optimization for large language models often suffers from sparse reward signals in multi-step reasoning tasks. Critic-free methods like GRPO assign a single normalized outcome reward to all tokens, providing limited guidance for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Ruiyi Ding , Yongxuan Lv , Xianhui Meng , Jiahe Song , Chao Wang , Chen Jiang , Yuan Cheng

The goal of robust constrained reinforcement learning (RL) is to optimize an agent's performance under the worst-case model uncertainty while satisfying safety or resource constraints. In this paper, we demonstrate that strong duality does…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Shaocong Ma , Ziyi Chen , Yi Zhou , Heng Huang

Large language models (LLMs) benefit substantially from supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) in reasoning tasks. However, these recipes perform poorly in instruction-based molecular…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Xuan Li , Zhanke Zhou , Zongze Li , Jiangchao Yao , Yu Rong , Lu Zhang , Bo Han

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has advanced the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) by leveraging direct outcome verification instead of learned reward models. Building on this paradigm, Group…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Jingyi Wang , Lei Zhu , Tengjin Weng , Song-Li Wu , Haochen Tan , Jierun Chen , Chaofan Tao , Haoli Bai , Lu Hou , Lifeng Shang , Xiao-Ping Zhang

The role of reinforcement learning (RL) in enhancing the reasoning of large language models (LLMs) is becoming increasingly significant. Despite the success of RL in many scenarios, there are still many challenges in improving the reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Jiacai Liu , Chaojie Wang , Chris Yuhao Liu , Liang Zeng , Rui Yan , Yiwen Sun , Yang Liu , Yahui Zhou

Contrastive reinforcement learning (CRL) learns goal-conditioned Q-values through a contrastive objective over state-action and goal representations, removing the need for hand-crafted reward functions. Despite impressive success in…

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a promising approach to improve the reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). Among RLVR algorithms, Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) and its variants…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Zhaokang Liao , Yingguo Gao , Yi Yang , Yongheng Hu , Jingting Ding

State-of-the-art large multi-modal models (LMMs) face challenges when processing high-resolution images, as these inputs are converted into enormous visual tokens, many of which are irrelevant to the downstream task. In this paper, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Xinyu Huang , Yuhao Dong , Weiwei Tian , Bo Li , Rui Feng , Ziwei Liu

To facilitate efficient learning, policy gradient approaches to deep reinforcement learning (RL) are typically paired with variance reduction measures and strategies for making large but safe policy changes based on a batch of experiences.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Jared Markowitz , Edward W. Staley

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a powerful tool for post-training visual generative models, with Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) increasingly used to align generators with human preferences. However, existing GRPO pipelines…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Ziqi Ni , Yuanzhi Liang , Rui Li , Yi Zhou , Haibin Huang , Chi Zhang , Xuelong Li

Real-World Image Super-Resolution is one of the most challenging task in image restoration. However, existing methods struggle with an accurate understanding of degraded image content, leading to reconstructed results that are both…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Junbo Qiao , Miaomiao Cai , Wei Li , Xudong Huang , Jie Hu , Xinghao Chen , Shaohui Lin , Hongkai Xiong

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in knowledge acquisition, reasoning, and tool use, making them promising candidates for autonomous agent applications. However, training LLM agents for complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Hanjiang Hu , Changliu Liu , Na Li , Yebin Wang

Medical Image Grounding (MIG), which involves localizing specific regions in medical images based on textual descriptions, requires models to not only perceive regions but also deduce spatial relationships of these regions. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Huihui Xu , Yuanpeng Nie , Hualiang Wang , Ying Chen , Wei Li , Junzhi Ning , Lihao Liu , Hongqiu Wang , Lei Zhu , Jiyao Liu , Xiaomeng Li , Junjun He

Reinforcement learning (RL) is effective in enhancing the accuracy of large language models in complex reasoning tasks. Existing RL policy optimization frameworks rely on final-answer correctness as feedback signals and rarely capture the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Jinghan Zhang , Fengran Mo , Tharindu Cyril Weerasooriya , Ruimin Dai , Xiaoyan Han , Yanjie Fu , Dakuo Wang , Kunpeng Liu

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) has been proposed as an effective and efficient alternative to reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF). However, neither RLHF nor DPO take into account the fact that learning certain…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Florinel-Alin Croitoru , Vlad Hondru , Radu Tudor Ionescu , Nicu Sebe , Mubarak Shah

The VAPO framework has demonstrated significant empirical success in enhancing the efficiency and reliability of reinforcement learning for long chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning tasks with large language models (LLMs). By systematically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Jintian Shao , Yiming Cheng , Hongyi Huang , Beiwen Zhang , Zhiyu Wu , You Shan , Mingkai Zheng

Recent advances in reinforcement learning with verifiable, rule-based rewards have greatly enhanced the reasoning capabilities and out-of-distribution generalization of VLMs/LLMs, obviating the need for manually crafted reasoning chains.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Shaohao Rui , Kaitao Chen , Weijie Ma , Xiaosong Wang

Reinforcement learning from verifiable rewards (RLVR), especially with Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), has shown strong potential for improving the reasoning capabilities of large vision-language models (LVLMs). However, in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Bingqing Jiang , Difan Zou

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting has proven to be effective in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) with at least 100 billion parameters. However, it is ineffective or even detrimental when applied to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Chengcheng Han , Xiaowei Du , Che Zhang , Yixin Lian , Xiang Li , Ming Gao , Baoyuan Wang