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In a decentralized balancing model, Balance Responsible Parties (BRPs) are encouraged by the Transmission System Operator (TSO) to deviate from their schedule to help the system restore balance, also referred to as implicit balancing. This…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-08 Max Bruninx , Seyed Soroush Karimi Madahi , Timothy Verstraeten , Jan Decuyper , Chris Develder , Jan Helsen

Transmission System Operators (TSOs) rely on balancing energy provided by Balancing Service Providers (BSPs) to maintain the supply-demand balance in real time. Balance Responsible Parties (BRPs) can simultaneously deviate from their…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-21 Seyed Soroush Karimi Madahi , Kenneth Bruninx , Bert Claessens , Chris Develder

Single imbalance pricing provides an incentive to balance responsible parties (BRPs) to intentionally introduce power schedule deviations in order to reduce the control area imbalance and receive a remuneration through the imbalance…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-27 Johannes Lips , Boyana Georgieva , Dominik Schlipf , Hendrik Lens

In electricity markets with a dual-pricing scheme for balancing energy, controllable production units typically participate in the balancing market as "active" actors by offering regulating energy to the system, while renewable stochastic…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-12-20 Nicolò Mazzi , Alessio Trivella , Juan M. Morales

Smart balancing, also called passive balancing, is the intentional introduction of active power schedule deviations by balance responsible parties (BRPs) to receive a remuneration through the imbalance settlement mechanism. From a system…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-27 Johannes Lips , Hendrik Lens

A real-time optimal dispatch method for unbundle electricity markets is proposed in this paper. With this method, pool energy auction market, ancillary services market, and bilateral contract market can be coordinated by the ISO through a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-07-28 Barati Masoud , Shayanfar Heidar Ali , Kazemi Ahad

In Europe, balance responsible parties can deliberately take out-of-balance positions to support transmission system operators (TSOs) in maintaining grid stability and earn profit, a practice called implicit balancing. Model predictive…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-03 Seyed Soroush Karimi Madahi , Kenneth Bruninx , Bert Claessens , Chris Develder

Due to the limited predictability of wind power and other stochastic generation, trading this energy in competitive electricity markets is challenging. This paper derives revenue-maximising and risk-constrained strategies for stochastic…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2018-05-31 Jethro Browell

Growth in the penetration of renewable energy sources makes supply more uncertain and leads to an increase in the system imbalance. This trend, together with the single imbalance pricing, opens an opportunity for balance responsible parties…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Seyed Soroush Karimi Madahi , Bert Claessens , Chris Develder

The growing share of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in modern power systems increases both grid imbalances and frequency deviations, reinforcing the need for ancillary services such as Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR) and passive…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-26 Celle Hendrickx , Fabio Pavirani , Chris Develder

Efficient markets are characterised by profit-driven participants continuously refining their positions towards the latest insights. Margins for profit generation are generally small, shaping a difficult landscape for automated trading…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Robin Bruneel , Mathijs Schuurmans , Panagiotis Patrinos

Congestion game is a widely used model for modern networked applications. A central issue in such applications is that the selfish behavior of the participants may result in resource overloading and negative externalities for the system…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-02-17 Ezra Tampubolon , Haris Ceribasic , Holger Boche

In Europe, profit-seeking balance responsible parties can deviate in real time from their day-ahead nominations to assist transmission system operators in maintaining the supply-demand balance. Model predictive control (MPC) strategies to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-07 Seyed Soroush Karimi Madahi , Kenneth Bruninx , Bert Claessens , Chris Develder

European energy markets are decentralized and entail balance responsibility of each market player. This stresses the importance of imbalance management of renewable energy sources (RES), as the imbalance payments can strongly reduce their…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-10 Petra Draskovic , Ivan Pavic , Karlo Sepetanc , Hrvoje Pandzic

The growing reliance on renewable energy sources, particularly solar and wind, has introduced challenges due to their uncontrollable production. This complicates maintaining the electrical grid balance, prompting some transmission system…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-18 Fabio Pavirani , Jonas Van Gompel , Seyed Soroush Karimi Madahi , Bert Claessens , Chris Develder

In this paper, we consider the problem of resource congestion control for competing online learning agents. On the basis of non-cooperative game as the model for the interaction between the agents, and the noisy online mirror ascent as the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-22 Ezra Tampubolon , Holger Boche

Renewable sources are taking center stage in electricity generation. However, matching supply with demand in a renewable-rich system is a difficult task due to the intermittent nature of renewable resources (wind, solar, etc.). As a result,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-02 Haris Mansoor , Naveed Arshad

This paper focuses on the problem of energy imbalance management in amicrogrid. The problem is investigated from the power market perspective. Unlike the traditional power grid, a microgrid can obtain extra energy froma renewable energy…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-16 Wei-Yu Chiu , Hongjian Sun , H. Vincent Poor

Traditionally, Internet Access Providers (APs) only charge end-users for Internet access services; however, to recoup infrastructure costs and increase revenues, some APs have recently adopted two-sided pricing schemes under which both…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2017-06-14 Xin Wang , Richard T. B. Ma , Yinlong Xu

To guarantee the well-functioning of electricity distribution networks, it is crucial to constantly ensure the demand-supply balance. To do this, one can control the means of production, but also influence the demand: demand-side management…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-03-01 Luce Brotcorne , Sébastien Lepaul , Léonard von Niederhäusern
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