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Variational quantum algorithms are promising algorithms for achieving quantum advantage on near-term devices. The quantum hardware is used to implement a variational wave function and measure observables, whereas the classical computer is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-01 Stefan H. Sack , Raimel A. Medina , Alexios A. Michailidis , Richard Kueng , Maksym Serbyn

One of the most important properties of classical neural networks is how surprisingly trainable they are, though their training algorithms typically rely on optimizing complicated, nonconvex loss functions. Previous results have shown that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-16 Eric R. Anschuetz , Bobak T. Kiani

Despite its popularity, several empirical and theoretical studies suggest that the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) has persistent issues in providing a substantial practical advantage. Numerical results for few qubits and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-15 Gereon Koßmann , Lennart Binkowski , Lauritz van Luijk , Timo Ziegler , René Schwonnek

Parameterized quantum circuits (PQCs), as one of the most promising schemes to realize quantum machine learning algorithms on near-term quantum computers, have been designed to solve machine earning tasks with quantum advantages. In this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-30 Yuxuan Du , Tongliang Liu , Dacheng Tao

Parametrized Quantum Circuits (PQCs) enable a novel method for machine learning (ML). However, from a computational point of view they present a challenge to existing eXplainable AI (xAI) methods. On the one hand, measurements on quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-04 Patrick Steinmüller , Tobias Schulz , Ferdinand Graf , Daniel Herr

Variational quantum computing offers a powerful framework with applications across diverse fields such as quantum chemistry, machine learning, and optimization. However, its scalability is hindered by the exponential concentration of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-05 Giulio Crognaletti , Michele Grossi , Angelo Bassi

The public access to noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computers facilitated by IBM, Rigetti, D-Wave, etc., has propelled the development of quantum applications that may offer quantum supremacy in the future large-scale quantum…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2019-03-22 Mahabubul Alam , Abdullah Ash-Saki , Swaroop Ghosh

Parameterized quantum circuits (PQC, aka, variational quantum circuits) are among the proposals for a computational advantage over classical computation of near-term (not fault tolerant) digital quantum computers. PQCs have to be "trained"…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-01 Evgenii Dolzhkov , Bahman Ghandchi , Dirk Oliver Theis

Quantum computing is transitioning from experimental prototypes to commercially available turnkey systems, making architecture-agnostic performance metrics essential for cross-platform comparison. Peaked Random Circuits (PRCs) have recently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Martin Brieger , Florian Krötz , Minh Chung , Dieter Kranzlmüller

Parameterized Quantum Circuits (PQC) are drawing increasing research interest thanks to its potential to achieve quantum advantages on near-term Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum (NISQ) hardware. In order to achieve scalable PQC learning,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-29 Hanrui Wang , Zirui Li , Jiaqi Gu , Yongshan Ding , David Z. Pan , Song Han

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) have emerged as a leading paradigm in near-term quantum computing, yet their performance can be hindered by the so-called barren plateau problem, where gradients vanish exponentially with system size or…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-27 Yifeng Peng , Xinyi Li , Zhemin Zhang , Samuel Yen-Chi Chen , Zhiding Liang , Ying Wang

Variational quantum computing schemes train a loss function by sending an initial state through a parametrized quantum circuit, and measuring the expectation value of some operator. Despite their promise, the trainability of these…

In the field of quantum machine learning (QML), parametrized quantum circuits (PQCs) -- constructed using a combination of fixed and tunable quantum gates -- provide a promising hybrid framework for tackling complex machine learning…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-19 Grier M. Jones , Viki Kumar Prasad , Ulrich Fekl , Hans-Arno Jacobsen

Optimizing parameterized quantum circuits (PQCs) is the leading approach to make use of near-term quantum computers. However, very little is known about the cost function landscape for PQCs, which hinders progress towards quantum-aware…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-26 Andrew Arrasmith , Zoë Holmes , M. Cerezo , Patrick J. Coles

Motivated by realistic hardware considerations of the pre-fault-tolerant era, we comprehensively study the impact of uncorrected noise on quantum circuits. We first show that any noise `truncates' most quantum circuits to effectively…

Bosonic continuous-variable Variational quantum circuits (VQCs) are crucial for information processing in cavity quantum electrodynamics and optical systems, widely applicable in quantum communication, sensing and error correction. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-17 Bingzhi Zhang , Quntao Zhuang

Quantum Computing aims to streamline machine learning, making it more effective with fewer trainable parameters. This reduction of parameters can speed up the learning process and reduce the use of computational resources. However, in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-22 Michael Kölle , Timo Witter , Tobias Rohe , Gerhard Stenzel , Philipp Altmann , Thomas Gabor

Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs) are becoming the primary computational primitive for next-generation quantum computers, particularly those embedded as resource-constrained accelerators in the emerging Quantum Internet of Things…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-05 Ratun Rahman , Dinh C. Nguyen

Quantum combs play a vital role in characterizing and transforming quantum processes, with wide-ranging applications in quantum information processing. However, obtaining the explicit quantum circuit for the desired quantum comb remains a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-26 Yin Mo , Lei Zhang , Yu-Ao Chen , Yingjian Liu , Tengxiang Lin , Xin Wang

Quantum neural networks (QNNs) leverage quantum entanglement and superposition to enable large-scale parallel linear computation, offering a potential solution to the scalability limits of classical deep learning. However, their practical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-05 Pei-Kun Yang