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Ultrasound is a widely-used imaging modality critical to global healthcare, yet its interpretation remains challenging due to its varying image quality on operators, noises, and anatomical structures. Although large vision-language models…

Understanding emotion from speech requires sensitivity to both lexical and acoustic cues. However, it remains unclear whether large audio language models (LALMs) genuinely process acoustic information or rely primarily on lexical content.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Jingyi Chen , Zhimeng Guo , Jiyun Chun , Pichao Wang , Andrew Perrault , Micha Elsner

Subjective evaluations are critical for assessing the perceptual realism of sounds in audio-synthesis driven technologies like augmented and virtual reality. However, they are challenging to set up, fatiguing for users, and expensive. In…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-22 Pranay Manocha , Anurag Kumar , Buye Xu , Anjali Menon , Israel D. Gebru , Vamsi K. Ithapu , Paul Calamia

The maturation of Large Audio Language Models (LALMs) has raised growing expectations for them to comprehend complex audio much like humans. Current efforts primarily replicate text-based reasoning by contextualizing audio content through a…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly excelling and outpacing human performance on many tasks. However, to improve LLM reasoning, researchers either rely on ad-hoc generated datasets or formal mathematical proof systems such as the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Nikolaus Holzer , William Fishell , Baishakhi Ray , Mark Santolucito

Large Audio Language Models (LALMs) are rapidly advancing, but evaluating them remains challenging due to inefficient and non-standardized toolkits that limit fair comparison and systematic assessment. Existing evaluation frameworks exhibit…

With the rise of multimodal large language models (LLMs), audio codec plays an increasingly vital role in encoding audio into discrete tokens, enabling integration of audio into text-based LLMs. Current audio codec captures two types of…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-29 Ruifan Deng , Yitian Gong , Qinghui Gao , Luozhijie Jin , Qinyuan Cheng , Zhaoye Fei , Shimin Li , Xipeng Qiu

Large audio language models (LALMs) process both speech and environmental acoustic cues, yet struggle to retain non-speech information across multi-turn interactions. The performance gap between semantic (speech) and acoustic (non-speech)…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-27 Yang Xiao , Siyi Wang , Han Yin , Hong Jia , Vidhyasaharan Sethu , Eun-Jung Holden , Ting Dang

Current speech evaluation suffers from two critical limitations: the need and difficulty of designing specialized systems targeting individual audio characteristics, and poor correlation between automatic evaluation methods and human…

We introduce MMAR, a new benchmark designed to evaluate the deep reasoning capabilities of Audio-Language Models (ALMs) across massive multi-disciplinary tasks. MMAR comprises 1,000 meticulously curated audio-question-answer triplets,…

Multimodal large language models can exhibit text dominance, over-relying on linguistic priors instead of grounding predictions in non-text inputs. One example is large audio-language models (LALMs) where decisive audio evidence can be…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Neta Glazer , Lenny Aharon , Ethan Fetaya

Large audio language models (LALMs) leverage multimodal representations to generate open-ended answers to natural language queries about audio. In this paper, we (1) provide empirical evidence that assessment of LALMs using the popular…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Daniel Chenyu Lin , Michael Freeman , John Thickstun

Large language models (LLMs) have shown emerging potential in spatiotemporal reasoning, making them promising candidates for building urban agents that support diverse urban downstream applications. Despite these benefits, existing studies…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Siqi Lai , Yansong Ning , Zirui Yuan , Zhixi Chen , Hao Liu

Audio often serves as an auxiliary modality in video understanding tasks of audio-visual large language models (LLMs), merely assisting in the comprehension of visual information. However, a thorough understanding of videos significantly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yudong Yang , Jimin Zhuang , Guangzhi Sun , Changli Tang , Yixuan Li , Peihan Li , Yifan Jiang , Wei Li , Zejun Ma , Chao Zhang

The foundational capabilities established by Large Language Models (LLMs) have paved the way for Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), within which Large Audio Language Models (LALMs) are essential for realizing universal auditory…

Audio-only walking navigation can leave users disoriented, relying on vague cardinal directions and lacking real-time environmental context, leading to frequent errors. To address this, we present a novel system that integrates a Vision…

Current evaluation paradigms for large language models (LLMs) represent a critical blind spot in AI research--relying on opaque numerical metrics that conceal fundamental limitations in spatial reasoning while providing no intuitive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Liuhao Lin , Ke Li , Zihan Xu , Yuchen Shi , Yulei Qin , Yan Zhang , Xing Sun , Rongrong Ji

Audio is essential for multimodal video understanding. On the one hand, video inherently contains audio, which supplies complementary information to vision. Besides, video large language models (Video-LLMs) can encounter many audio-centric…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Yuxin Guo , Shuailei Ma , Shijie Ma , Xiaoyi Bao , Chen-Wei Xie , Kecheng Zheng , Tingyu Weng , Siyang Sun , Yun Zheng , Wei Zou

Recent advancements in omnimodal large language models (OmniLLMs) have significantly improved the comprehension of audio and video inputs. However, current evaluations primarily focus on short audio and video clips ranging from 10 seconds…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Keda Tao , Yuhua Zheng , Jia Xu , Wenjie Du , Kele Shao , Hesong Wang , Xueyi Chen , Xin Jin , Junhan Zhu , Bohan Yu , Weiqiang Wang , Jian Liu , Can Qin , Yulun Zhang , Ming-Hsuan Yang , Huan Wang

For human cognitive process, spatial reasoning and perception are closely entangled, yet the nature of this interplay remains underexplored in the evaluation of multimodal large language models (MLLMs). While recent MLLM advancements show…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Chengzu Li , Wenshan Wu , Huanyu Zhang , Qingtao Li , Zeyu Gao , Yan Xia , José Hernández-Orallo , Ivan Vulić , Furu Wei
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