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Recent work on reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has shown that large language models (LLMs) can be substantially improved using outcome-level verification signals, such as unit tests for code or exact-match checks for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Massimiliano Pronesti , Anya Belz , Yufang Hou

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in natural language generation. However, their output quality can be inconsistent, posing challenges for generating natural language from logical forms (LFs). This task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-22 Levon Haroutunian , Zhuang Li , Lucian Galescu , Philip Cohen , Raj Tumuluri , Gholamreza Haffari

To take advantage of Large Language Model in theorem formalization and proof, we propose a reinforcement learning framework to iteratively optimize the pretrained LLM by rolling out next tactics and comparing them with the expected ones.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Zhiling Luo

Recently, with the chain of thought (CoT) prompting, large language models (LLMs), e.g., GPT-3, have shown strong reasoning ability in several natural language processing tasks such as arithmetic, commonsense, and logical reasoning.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Yixuan Weng , Minjun Zhu , Fei Xia , Bin Li , Shizhu He , Shengping Liu , Bin Sun , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in complex reasoning tasks. However, existing approaches mainly rely on imitation learning and struggle to achieve effective test-time scaling. While reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Zhenyu Hou , Xin Lv , Rui Lu , Jiajie Zhang , Yujiang Li , Zijun Yao , Juanzi Li , Jie Tang , Yuxiao Dong

Most reinforcement learning (RL) methods for training large language models (LLMs) require ground-truth labels or task-specific verifiers, limiting scalability when correctness is ambiguous or expensive to obtain. We introduce Reinforcement…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Micah Rentschler , Jesse Roberts

A central goal of cognitive modeling is to develop models that not only predict human behavior but also provide insight into the underlying cognitive mechanisms. While neural network models trained on large-scale behavioral data often…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jian-Qiao Zhu , Hanbo Xie , Dilip Arumugam , Robert C. Wilson , Thomas L. Griffiths

Advances in training, post-training, and inference-time methods have enabled frontier reasoning models to win gold medals in math competitions and settle challenging open problems. Gaining trust in the responses of these models requires…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Aaditya Naik , Guruprerana Shabadi , Rajeev Alur , Mayur Naik

The reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have been significantly improved through reinforcement learning (RL). Nevertheless, LLMs still struggle to consistently verify their own reasoning traces. This raises the research…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Xiaoxuan Wang , Bo Liu , Song Jiang , Jingzhou Liu , Jingyuan Qi , Xia Chen , Baosheng He

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly rely on reinforcement learning (RL) to enhance their reasoning capabilities through feedback. A critical challenge is verifying the consistency of model-generated responses and reference answers,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Xuzhao Li , Xuchen Li , Shiyu Hu , Yongzhen Guo , Wentao Zhang

Test-time scaling (TTS) has emerged as a new frontier for scaling the performance of Large Language Models. In test-time scaling, by using more computational resources during inference, LLMs can improve their reasoning process and task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-10 V Venktesh , Mandeep Rathee , Avishek Anand

Trustworthy verifiers are essential for the success of reinforcement learning with verifiable reward (RLVR), which is the core methodology behind various large reasoning models such as DeepSeek-R1. In complex domains like mathematical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Yuzhen Huang , Weihao Zeng , Xingshan Zeng , Qi Zhu , Junxian He

Self-correction has emerged as a promising solution to boost the reasoning performance of large language models (LLMs), where LLMs refine their solutions using self-generated critiques that pinpoint the errors. This work explores whether…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Yunxiang Zhang , Muhammad Khalifa , Lajanugen Logeswaran , Jaekyeom Kim , Moontae Lee , Honglak Lee , Lu Wang

Large language models (LLMs) present an opportunity to scale high-quality personalized education to all. A promising approach towards this means is to build dialog tutoring models that scaffold students' problem-solving. However, even…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Nico Daheim , Jakub Macina , Manu Kapur , Iryna Gurevych , Mrinmaya Sachan

There has been considerable divergence of opinion on the reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). While the initial optimism that reasoning might emerge automatically with scale has been tempered thanks to a slew of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Kaya Stechly , Karthik Valmeekam , Subbarao Kambhampati

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has demonstrated significant success in enhancing mathematical reasoning and coding performance of large language models (LLMs), especially when structured reference answers are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Yi Su , Dian Yu , Linfeng Song , Juntao Li , Haitao Mi , Zhaopeng Tu , Min Zhang , Dong Yu

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate strong capabilities for solving scientific and mathematical problems, yet they struggle to produce valid, challenging, and novel problems - an essential component for advancing LLM training and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Yuhang Lai , Jiazhan Feng , Yee Whye Teh , Ning Miao

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant utility in real-world applications, exhibiting impressive capabilities in natural language processing and understanding. Benchmark evaluations are crucial for assessing the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Wenbo Zhang , Hengrui Cai , Wenyu Chen

Recent studies increasingly explore Large Language Models (LLMs) as a new paradigm for recommendation systems due to their scalability and world knowledge. However, existing work has three key limitations: (1) most efforts focus on…

Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited impressive capabilities across a myriad of tasks, yet they occasionally yield undesirable outputs. We posit that these limitations are rooted in the foundational autoregressive architecture of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Cheng Yang , Chufan Shi , Siheng Li , Bo Shui , Yujiu Yang , Wai Lam