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Modern machine learning classifiers often exhibit vanishing classification error on the training set. They achieve this by learning nonlinear representations of the inputs that maps the data into linearly separable classes. Motivated by…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-03-23 Andrea Montanari , Feng Ruan , Youngtak Sohn , Jun Yan

High complexity models are notorious in machine learning for overfitting, a phenomenon in which models well represent data but fail to generalize an underlying data generating process. A typical procedure for circumventing overfitting…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-11 James Schmidt

We investigate two causes for adversarial vulnerability in deep neural networks: bad data and (poorly) trained models. When trained with SGD, deep neural networks essentially achieve zero training error, even in the presence of label noise,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-09 Amartya Sanyal , Puneet K Dokania , Varun Kanade , Philip H. S. Torr

The phenomenon of benign overfitting, where a trained neural network perfectly fits noisy training data but still achieves near-optimal test performance, has been extensively studied in recent years for linear models and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Roey Magen , Shuning Shang , Zhiwei Xu , Spencer Frei , Wei Hu , Gal Vardi

Despite the empirical advances of deep learning across a variety of learning tasks, our theoretical understanding of its success is still very restricted. One of the key challenges is the overparametrized nature of modern models, enabling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Sotiris Anagnostidis , Gregor Bachmann , Lorenzo Noci , Thomas Hofmann

Transformers serve as the foundational architecture for many successful large-scale models, demonstrating the ability to overfit the training data while maintaining strong generalization on unseen data, a phenomenon known as benign…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Yingying Zhang , Zhenyu Wu , Jian Li , Yong Liu

Transfer learning is a key component of modern machine learning, enhancing the performance of target tasks by leveraging diverse data sources. Simultaneously, overparameterized models such as the minimum-$\ell_2$-norm interpolator (MNI) in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-19 Yeichan Kim , Ilmun Kim , Seyoung Park

Transfer learning is a critical part of real-world machine learning deployments and has been extensively studied in experimental works with overparameterized neural networks. However, even in the simplest setting of linear regression a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Neil Mallinar , Austin Zane , Spencer Frei , Bin Yu

Overfitting is a phenomenon that occurs when a machine learning model is trained for too long and focused too much on the exact fitness of the training samples to the provided training labels and cannot keep track of the predictive rules…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Nuri Korhan , Samet Bayram

In deep learning, often the training process finds an interpolator (a solution with 0 training loss), but the test loss is still low. This phenomenon, known as benign overfitting, is a major mystery that received a lot of recent attention.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Mo Zhou , Rong Ge

Classical wisdom suggests that estimators should avoid fitting noise to achieve good generalization. In contrast, modern overparameterized models can yield small test error despite interpolating noise -- a phenomenon often called "benign…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-03-02 Michael Aerni , Marco Milanta , Konstantin Donhauser , Fanny Yang

Overparametrized neural networks tend to perfectly fit noisy training data yet generalize well on test data. Inspired by this empirical observation, recent work has sought to understand this phenomenon of benign overfitting or harmless…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-23 Andrew D. McRae , Santhosh Karnik , Mark A. Davenport , Vidya Muthukumar

The widely observed 'benign overfitting phenomenon' in the neural network literature raises the challenge to the 'bias-variance trade-off' doctrine in the statistical learning theory. Since the generalization ability of the 'lazy trained'…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Yicheng Li , Haobo Zhang , Qian Lin

``Benign overfitting'', the ability of certain algorithms to interpolate noisy training data and yet perform well out-of-sample, has been a topic of considerable recent interest. We show, using a fixed design setup, that an important class…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-14 Daniel Beaglehole , Mikhail Belkin , Parthe Pandit

Learned classifiers should often possess certain invariance properties meant to encourage fairness, robustness, or out-of-distribution generalization. However, multiple recent works empirically demonstrate that common invariance-inducing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Yoav Wald , Gal Yona , Uri Shalit , Yair Carmon

Noise in data appears to be inevitable in most real-world machine learning applications and would cause severe overfitting problems. Not only can data features contain noise, but labels are also prone to be noisy due to human input. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Weipeng Huang , Qin Li , Yang Xiao , Cheng Qiao , Tie Cai , Junwei Liang , Neil J. Hurley , Guangyuan Piao

Deep learning is renowned for its theory-practice gap, whereby principled theory typically fails to provide much beneficial guidance for implementation in practice. This has been highlighted recently by the benign overfitting phenomenon:…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-14 Liam Hodgkinson , Chris van der Heide , Robert Salomone , Fred Roosta , Michael W. Mahoney

Overfitting describes a machine learning phenomenon where the model fits too closely to the training data, resulting in poor generalization. While this occurrence is thoroughly documented for many forms of supervised learning, it is not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Zachary Rabin , Jim Davis , Benjamin Lewis , Matthew Scherreik

Deep, overparameterized regression models are notorious for their tendency to overfit. This problem is exacerbated in heteroskedastic models, which predict both mean and residual noise for each data point. At one extreme, these models fit…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-02-15 Eliot Wong-Toi , Alex Boyd , Vincent Fortuin , Stephan Mandt

Label Shift has been widely believed to be harmful to the generalization performance of machine learning models. Researchers have proposed many approaches to mitigate the impact of the label shift, e.g., balancing the training data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Jiahui Cheng , Minshuo Chen , Hao Liu , Tuo Zhao , Wenjing Liao