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Machine learning-based malware detection is known to be vulnerable to adversarial evasion attacks. The state-of-the-art is that there are no effective defenses against these attacks. As a response to the adversarial malware classification…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-18 Deqiang Li , Qianmu Li , Yanfang Ye , Shouhuai Xu

Machine learning-based malware detectors are increasingly vulnerable to adversarial examples. Traditional defenses, such as one-shot adversarial training, often fail against adaptive attackers who use reinforcement learning to bypass…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Olha Jurečková , Martin Jureček , Matouš Kozák , Róbert Lórencz

ML-based malware detection on dynamic analysis reports is vulnerable to both evasion and spurious correlations. In this work, we investigate a specific ML architecture employed in the pipeline of a widely-known commercial antivirus company,…

Research has proven that end-to-end malware detectors are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. In response, the research community has proposed defenses based on randomized and (de)randomized smoothing. However, these techniques remain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Daniel Gibert , Felip Manyà

Concept drift and adversarial evasion are two major challenges for deploying machine learning-based malware detectors. While both have been studied separately, their combination, the adversarial robustness of drift-adaptive detectors,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Adrian Shuai Li , Md Ajwad Akil , Elisa Bertino

Toward robust malware detection, we explore the attack surface of existing malware detection systems. We conduct root-cause analyses of the practical binary-level black-box adversarial malware examples. Additionally, we uncover the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Ahmed Abusnaina , Yizhen Wang , Sunpreet Arora , Ke Wang , Mihai Christodorescu , David Mohaisen

With the growth of interest in the attack and defense of deep neural networks, researchers are focusing more on the robustness of applying them to devices with limited memory. Thus, unlike adversarial training, which only considers the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Haidong Xie , Lixin Qian , Xueshuang Xiang , Naijin Liu

We present a new algorithm to train a robust malware detector. Modern malware detectors rely on machine learning algorithms. Now, the adversarial objective is to devise alterations to the malware code to decrease the chance of being…

Machine Learning (ML) techniques can facilitate the automation of malicious software (malware for short) detection, but suffer from evasion attacks. Many studies counter such attacks in heuristic manners, lacking theoretical guarantees and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-07 Deqiang Li , Shicheng Cui , Yun Li , Jia Xu , Fu Xiao , Shouhuai Xu

We propose a new defense mechanism against adversarial attacks inspired by an optical co-processor, providing robustness without compromising natural accuracy in both white-box and black-box settings. This hardware co-processor performs a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-03 Alessandro Cappelli , Ruben Ohana , Julien Launay , Laurent Meunier , Iacopo Poli , Florent Krzakala

As a new programming paradigm, deep learning has expanded its application to many real-world problems. At the same time, deep learning based software are found to be vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Though various defense mechanisms have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Zhe Zhao , Guangke Chen , Jingyi Wang , Yiwei Yang , Fu Song , Jun Sun

Numerous open-source and commercial malware detectors are available. However, their efficacy is threatened by new adversarial attacks, whereby malware attempts to evade detection, e.g., by performing feature-space manipulation. In this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Ruoxi Sun , Minhui Xue , Gareth Tyson , Tian Dong , Shaofeng Li , Shuo Wang , Haojin Zhu , Seyit Camtepe , Surya Nepal

Deep learning-based malware detection systems are vulnerable to adversarial EXEmples - carefully-crafted malicious programs that evade detection with minimal perturbation. As such, the community is dedicating effort to develop mechanisms to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Daniel Gibert , Luca Demetrio , Giulio Zizzo , Quan Le , Jordi Planes , Battista Biggio

The escalating threat of adversarial attacks on deep learning models, particularly in security-critical fields, has underscored the need for robust deep learning systems. Conventional robustness evaluations have relied on adversarial…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Ping Guo , Cheng Gong , Xi Lin , Zhiyuan Yang , Qingfu Zhang

Malware continues to be a major cyber threat, despite the tremendous effort that has been made to combat them. The number of malware in the wild steadily increases over time, meaning that we must resort to automated defense techniques. This…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-09-17 Deqiang Li , Qianmu Li , Yanfang Ye , Shouhuai Xu

The current state-of-the-art defense methods against adversarial examples typically focus on improving either empirical or certified robustness. Among them, adversarially trained (AT) models produce empirical state-of-the-art defense…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Jay Nandy , Sudipan Saha , Wynne Hsu , Mong Li Lee , Xiao Xiang Zhu

Deep neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial examples, i.e., carefully-crafted inputs that mislead classification at test time. Recent defenses have been shown to improve adversarial robustness by detecting anomalous deviations from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Francesco Crecchi , Marco Melis , Angelo Sotgiu , Davide Bacciu , Battista Biggio

In this paper, we explore the use of metric learning to embed Windows PE files in a low-dimensional vector space for downstream use in a variety of applications, including malware detection, family classification, and malware attribute…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-07 Ethan M. Rudd , David Krisiloff , Scott Coull , Daniel Olszewski , Edward Raff , James Holt

Beyond its highly publicized victories in Go, there have been numerous successful applications of deep learning in information retrieval, computer vision and speech recognition. In cybersecurity, an increasing number of companies have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-04-28 Qinglong Wang , Wenbo Guo , Kaixuan Zhang , Alexander G. Ororbia , Xinyu Xing , C. Lee Giles , Xue Liu

Machine learning is a key tool for Android malware detection, effectively identifying malicious patterns in apps. However, ML-based detectors are vulnerable to evasion attacks, where small, crafted changes bypass detection. Despite progress…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Mostafa Jafari , Alireza Shameli-Sendi
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