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A basic understanding of the relevant features of hadron properties from first principles QCD has remained elusive, and should be understood as emergent phenomena which depend critically on the number of dimensions of physical spacetime.…
When hadrons scatter at high energies, strong color fields, whose dynamics is described by quantum chromodynamics (QCD), are generated at the interaction point. If one represents these fields in terms of partons (quarks and gluons), the…
When hadrons scatter at high energies, strong color fields, whose dynamics is described by quantum chromodynamics (QCD), are generated at the interaction point. If one represents these fields in terms of partons (quarks and gluons), the…
The Lagrangian that defines quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the strong interaction piece of the Standard Model, appears very simple. Nevertheless, it is responsible for an astonishing array of high-level phenomena with enormous apparent…
The Shannon information-entropy uncertainty (in brief as "information uncertainty") is used to analyze the fragments in the measured 140$A$ MeV $^{40, 48}$Ca + $^{9}$Be and $^{58, 64}$Ni + $^{9}$Be reactions. A scaling phenomenon is found…
Matter described by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of strong interactions, may undergo phase transitions when its temperature and the chemical potentials are varied. QCD at finite temperature is studied in the laboratory by…
One of the most fundamental problems in Quantum Chromodynamics is to understand the origin of the mass scale which controls the range of color confinement and the hadronic spectrum. We show that a mass gap and a fundamental color…
Violation of scale symmetry, scale anomaly, being a radical concept in quantum field theory, is of importance to comprehend the vacuum structure of QCD, and should potentially contribute to the chiral phase transition in thermal QCD, as…
Dynamical chiral symmetry breaking and confinement are two crucial features of Quantum Chromodynamics responsible for the nature of the hadron spectrum. These phenomena, presumably coincidental, can account for 98% of the mass of our…
For the first time, physicists are in the position to precisely study a fully relativistic quantum field theory: Quantum ChromoDynamics (QCD). QCD is a central element of the Standard Model and provides the theoretical framework for…
Understanding the behavior of dense hadronic matter is a central goal in nuclear physics as it governs the nature and dynamics of astrophysical objects such as supernovae and neutron stars. Because of the non-perturbative nature of quantum…
The energy spectrum of a system containing a static quark anti-quark pair is computed for a wide range of source separations using lattice QCD with $N_\mathrm{f}=2+1$ dynamical flavours. By employing a variational method with a basis…
The real-world properties of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) - the strongly-interacting piece of the Standard Model - are dominated by two emergent phenomena: confinement; namely, the theory's elementary degrees-of-freedom - quarks and gluons…
We study the anomalous scale symmetry breaking effects on the proton mass in QCD due to quantum fluctuations at ultraviolet scales. We confirm that a novel contribution naturally arises as a part of the proton mass, which we call the…
Establishing an explicit connection between the long distance physics of confinement and the dynamical interactions of quarks and gluons at short distances has been a long-sought goal of quantum chromodynamics. Using holographic QCD, we…
This chapter provides a pedagogical introduction to theoretical studies of hadrons based on the fundamental theory of strong interactions - Quantum ChromoDynamics. A perturbative expansion in the strong coupling is not applicable at…
According to the present understanding, the observed diversity of the strong interaction phenomena is described by Quantum Chromodynamics, a gauge field theory with only very few parameters. One of the fundamental questions in this context…
Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the fundamental theory describing the strong nuclear force and the interactions among quarks and gluons. Topological stars, characterized by extreme density conditions, offer a unique environment where QCD…
Strongly interacting matter exhibits new phases under extreme conditions. Matter was exposed to such extremes not only in the Early Universe, but also today in the cores of neutron stars, as well as in laboratory experiments at a much…
Quantum Chromodynamics constitutes the quantum field theory of the strong interaction. Despite the success of this theory in the description of several hadronic processes, the elastic scattering is still a theoretical challenge. This…