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When the substantive content of a request is rewritten, do large language models still answer in the format the original task asked for? We find that they often do not, even at temperature zero. On a 150-query evaluation over five compact…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Aofan Liu , Jingxiang Meng

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently emerged, attracting considerable attention due to their ability to generate highly natural, human-like text. This study compares the latent community structures of LLM-generated text and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Mose Park , Yunjin Choi , Jong-June Jeon

Recent studies have used both automatic metrics and human evaluations to assess the simplification abilities of LLMs. However, the suitability of existing evaluation methodologies for LLMs remains in question. First, the suitability of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Xuanxin Wu , Yuki Arase

Whether large language models (LLMs) process language similarly to humans has been the subject of much theoretical and practical debate. We examine this question through the lens of the production-interpretation distinction found in human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Suet-Ying Lam , Qingcheng Zeng , Jingyi Wu , Rob Voigt

Large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT, GPT-4, Claude-3, and Llama are being integrated across a variety of industries. Despite this rapid proliferation, experts are calling for caution in the interpretation and adoption of LLMs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Ryosuke Sonoda , Ramya Srinivasan

Logical reasoning has been an ongoing pursuit in the field of AI. Despite significant advancements made by large language models (LLMs), they still struggle with complex logical reasoning problems. To enhance reasoning performance, one…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Ruixin Hong , Hongming Zhang , Xinyu Pang , Dong Yu , Changshui Zhang

To take advantage of Large Language Model in theorem formalization and proof, we propose a reinforcement learning framework to iteratively optimize the pretrained LLM by rolling out next tactics and comparing them with the expected ones.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Zhiling Luo

Large language models (LLMs) offer significant potential to accelerate systematic literature reviews (SLRs), yet current approaches often rely on brittle, manually crafted prompts that compromise reliability and reproducibility. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Teo Susnjak

The growing use of large language models (LLMs) has increased the need for automatic evaluation systems, particularly to address the challenge of information hallucination. Although existing faithfulness evaluation approaches have shown…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Carlo Alfano , Aymen Al Marjani , Zeno Jonke , Amin Mantrach , Saab Mansour , Marcello Federico

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly employed in information-seeking and decision-making tasks. Despite their broad utility, LLMs tend to generate information that conflicts with real-world facts, and their persuasive style can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Arslan Chaudhry , Sridhar Thiagarajan , Dilan Gorur

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly embedded in AI-based tutoring systems. Can they faithfully model novice reasoning and metacognitive judgments? Existing evaluations emphasize problem-solving accuracy, overlooking the fragmented…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Conrad Borchers , Jill-Jênn Vie , Roger Azevedo

Prior research has demonstrated noticeable performance gains through the use of probabilistic tokenizations, an approach that involves employing multiple tokenizations of the same input string during the training phase of a language model.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Ashutosh Sathe , Divyanshu Aggarwal , Sunayana Sitaram

Large language models (LLMs) often produce unsupported or unverifiable content, known as "hallucinations." To mitigate this, retrieval-augmented LLMs incorporate citations, grounding the content in verifiable sources. Despite such…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Weijia Zhang , Mohammad Aliannejadi , Yifei Yuan , Jiahuan Pei , Jia-Hong Huang , Evangelos Kanoulas

Translating natural language into formal language such as First-Order Logic (FOL) is a foundational challenge in NLP with wide-ranging applications in automated reasoning, misinformation tracking, and knowledge validation. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Abhinav Lalwani , Tasha Kim , Lovish Chopra , Christopher Hahn , Zhijing Jin , Mrinmaya Sachan

In this work, we conduct an analysis to examine the consistency of Large Language Models (LLMs) with respect to their own generated responses in an emotionally-driven conversational context. Specifically, the text generated by LLM is framed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Sneha Oram , Ojaswita Bhushan , Pushpak Bhattacharyya

This study provides the first comprehensive assessment of consistency and reproducibility in Large Language Model (LLM) outputs in finance and accounting research. We evaluate how consistently LLMs produce outputs given identical inputs…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-09-16 Julian Junyan Wang , Victor Xiaoqi Wang

Quantization is widely used to accelerate inference and streamline the deployment of large language models (LLMs), yet its effects on self-explanations (SEs) remain unexplored. SEs, generated by LLMs to justify their own outputs, require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Qianli Wang , Nils Feldhus , Pepa Atanasova , Fedor Splitt , Simon Ostermann , Sebastian Möller , Vera Schmitt

While pre-trained language models (LMs) have brought great improvements in many NLP tasks, there is increasing attention to explore capabilities of LMs and interpret their predictions. However, existing works usually focus only on a certain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-29 Yaozong Shen , Lijie Wang , Ying Chen , Xinyan Xiao , Jing Liu , Hua Wu

Autoformalization aims to convert informal mathematical proofs into machine-verifiable formats, bridging the gap between natural and formal languages. However, ensuring semantic alignment between the informal and formalized statements…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Jianqiao Lu , Yingjia Wan , Yinya Huang , Jing Xiong , Zhengying Liu , Zhijiang Guo

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance on a series of natural language understanding tasks. However, these LLMs might rely on dataset bias and artifacts as shortcuts for prediction. This has significantly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Mengnan Du , Fengxiang He , Na Zou , Dacheng Tao , Xia Hu