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This paper presents a survey and taxonomy of LLM fingerprinting and watermarking for identity, ownership verification, provenance, and generated-content attribution. Large language models (LLMs) require substantial investments in data,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Bing Liu , Shunping Wang , Yufan Zhu , Xinyi Yu , Jing Huang , Linkang Du , Hongbin Pei , Wei Luo

Computer Vision (CV) is playing a significant role in transforming society by utilizing machine learning (ML) tools for a wide range of tasks. However, the need for large-scale datasets to train ML models creates challenges for centralized…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Yassine Himeur , Iraklis Varlamis , Hamza Kheddar , Abbes Amira , Shadi Atalla , Yashbir Singh , Faycal Bensaali , Wathiq Mansoor

Federated learning (FL) is a promising approach for training decentralized data located on local client devices while improving efficiency and privacy. However, the distribution and quantity of the training data on the clients' side may…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-16 Lixu Wang , Shichao Xu , Xiao Wang , Qi Zhu

Federated learning (FL) is recently surging as a promising decentralized deep learning (DL) framework that enables DL-based approaches trained collaboratively across clients without sharing private data. However, in the context of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Van-Tuan Tran , Huy-Hieu Pham , Kok-Seng Wong

Federated Learning allows the training of machine learning models by using the computation and private data resources of many distributed clients. Most existing results on Federated Learning (FL) assume the clients have ground-truth labels.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Enmao Diao , Jie Ding , Vahid Tarokh

Along with the blooming of AI and Machine Learning-based applications and services, data privacy and security have become a critical challenge. Conventionally, data is collected and aggregated in a data centre on which machine learning…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-19 Nguyen Truong , Kai Sun , Siyao Wang , Florian Guitton , Yike Guo

Natural language processing (NLP) technology has shown great commercial value in applications such as sentiment analysis. But NLP models are vulnerable to the threat of pirated redistribution, damaging the economic interests of model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-21 Long Dai , Jiarong Mao , Xuefeng Fan , Xiaoyi Zhou

Federated learning (FL) enables privacy-preserving model training by keeping data decentralized. However, it remains vulnerable to label-flipping attacks, where malicious clients manipulate labels to poison the global model. Despite their…

Federated Learning (FL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for training machine learning models in a decentralized manner, preserving data privacy by keeping local data on clients. However, evaluating the robustness of these models against…

Federated Learning (FL) employs a training approach to address scenarios where users' data cannot be shared across clients. Achieving fairness in FL is imperative since training data in FL is inherently geographically distributed among…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Zhongxuan Han , Li Zhang , Chaochao Chen , Xiaolin Zheng , Fei Zheng , Yuyuan Li , Jianwei Yin

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into diverse industries, posing substantial security risks due to unauthorized replication and misuse. To mitigate these concerns, robust identification mechanisms are widely…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Xuhong Wang , Haoyu Jiang , Yi Yu , Jingru Yu , Yilun Lin , Ping Yi , Yingchun Wang , Yu Qiao , Li Li , Fei-Yue Wang

Federated Learning has rapidly expanded from its original inception to now have a large body of research, several frameworks, and sold in a variety of commercial offerings. Thus, its security and robustness is of significant importance.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Simone Bottoni , Giulio Zizzo , Stefano Braghin , Alberto Trombetta

Federated learning (FL) enables decentralized training while preserving data privacy, yet existing FL benchmarks address relatively simple classification tasks, where each sample is annotated with a one-hot label. However, little attention…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-20 SeungBum Ha , Taehwan Lee , Jiyoun Lim , Sung Whan Yoon

Federated learning (FL) is an appealing concept to perform distributed training of Neural Networks (NN) while keeping data private. With the industrialization of the FL framework, we identify several problems hampering its successful…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-13 Lixuan Yang , Cedric Beliard , Dario Rossi

Federated learning (FL) refers to a distributed machine learning framework involving learning from several decentralized edge clients without sharing local dataset. This distributed strategy prevents data leakage and enables on-device…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Taki Hasan Rafi , Faiza Anan Noor , Tahmid Hussain , Dong-Kyu Chae , Zhaohui Yang

Motivated by the advancing computational capacity of wireless end-user equipment (UE), as well as the increasing concerns about sharing private data, a new machine learning (ML) paradigm has emerged, namely federated learning (FL).…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-02-25 Chuan Ma , Jun Li , Ming Ding , Howard Hao Yang , Feng Shu , Tony Q. S. Quek , H. Vincent Poor

Due to the rising concerns on privacy protection, how to build machine learning (ML) models over different data sources with security guarantees is gaining more popularity. Vertical federated learning (VFL) describes such a case where ML…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-17 Fangcheng Fu , Huanran Xue , Yong Cheng , Yangyu Tao , Bin Cui

Federated learning (FL) is an important paradigm for training global models from decentralized data in a privacy-preserving way. Existing FL methods usually assume the global model can be trained on any participating client. However, in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Ruixuan Liu , Fangzhao Wu , Chuhan Wu , Yanlin Wang , Lingjuan Lyu , Hong Chen , Xing Xie

Federated Learning (FL) allows several clients to construct a common global machine-learning model without having to share their data. FL, however, faces the challenge of statistical heterogeneity between the client's data, which degrades…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-26 Zahra Taghiyarrenani , Abdallah Alabdallah , Slawomir Nowaczyk , Sepideh Pashami

Federated Learning (FL) has been proposed as a privacy-preserving solution for distributed machine learning, particularly in heterogeneous FL settings where clients have varying computational capabilities and thus train models with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Gergely Dániel Németh , Miguel Ángel Lozano , Novi Quadrianto , Nuria Oliver