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Verifiers play a crucial role in large language model (LLM) reasoning, needed by post-training techniques such as reinforcement learning. However, reliable verifiers are hard to get for difficult coding problems, because a well-disguised…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Zhongmou He , Yee Man Choi , Kexun Zhang , Jiabao Ji , Junting Zhou , Dejia Xu , Ivan Bercovich , Aidan Zhang , Lei Li

Automatic software generation based on some specification is known as program synthesis. Most existing approaches formulate program synthesis as a search problem with discrete parameters. In this paper, we present a novel formulation of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Shantanu Mandal , Todd A. Anderson , Javier Turek , Justin Gottschlich , Abdullah Muzahid

Programming-by-example (PBE) is a synthesis paradigm that allows users to generate functions by simply providing input-output examples. While a promising interaction paradigm, synthesis is still too slow for realtime interaction and more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-10 Kairo Morton , William Hallahan , Elven Shum , Ruzica Piskac , Mark Santolucito

Synthesis of optimization algorithms typically follows a {\em design-then-analyze\/} approach, which can obscure fundamental performance limits and hinder the systematic development of algorithms that operate near these limits. Recently, a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-26 Ibrahim K. Ozaslan , Wuwei Wu , Jie Chen , Tryphon T. Georgiou , Mihailo R. Jovanovic

Recent advancements in large language models have revolutionized text generation with their remarkable capabilities. These models can produce controlled texts that closely adhere to specific requirements when prompted appropriately.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Zhe Yang , Yi Huang , Yaqin Chen , Xiaoting Wu , Junlan Feng , Chao Deng

We introduce MathConstraint, a hard, adaptive benchmark for evaluating the combinatorial reasoning capabilities of LLMs. We combine constraint satisfaction problems with rigorous solver-based verification and design an adaptive generator to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Viresh Pati , Zhengyu Li , Piyush Jha , Rahul Garg , Yatharth Sejpal , Vijay Ganesh

Contemporary genetic programming (GP) systems for general program synthesis have been primarily concerned with evolving programs that can manipulate values from a standard set of primitive data types and simple indexed data structures. In…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Edward Pantridge , Thomas Helmuth

Metamorphic testing (MT) is a general approach for the testing of a specific kind of software systems -- so-called ``non-testable'', where the ``classical'' testing approaches are difficult to apply. MT is an effective approach for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-11-23 Nasser Alzahrani , Maria Spichkova , James Harland

Program synthesis is the task of automatically constructing a program conforming to a given specification. In this paper we focus on synthesis of single-invocation recursion-free functions conforming to a specification given as a logical…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Petra Hozzová , Nikolaj Bjørner

Program synthesis is the task of automatically generating a program consistent with a given specification. A natural way to specify programs is to provide examples of desired input-output behavior, and many current program synthesis…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Alexander Suh , Yuval Timen

Provably correct software is one of the key challenges of our software-driven society. Program synthesis -- the task of constructing a program satisfying a given specification -- is one strategy for achieving this. The result of this task…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-06-24 Andreas Humenberger , Daneshvar Amrollahi , Nikolaj Bjørner , Laura Kovács

Software Testing is a process to identify the quality and reliability of software, which can be achieved through the help of proper test data. However, doing this manually is a difficult task due to the presence of number of predicate nodes…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2014-01-22 Yeresime Suresh , Santanu Ku. Rath

Nonlinear constrained optimization problems are encountered in many scientific fields. To utilize the huge calculation power of current computers, many mathematic models are also rebuilt as optimization problems. Most of them have…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2011-10-03 Wei Zhang , Xudong Shi , Liwen Wang

Probabilistic programming offers a powerful framework for modeling uncertainty, yet statistical model discovery in this domain entails navigating an immense search space under strict domain-specific constraints. When small language models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Madhav Kanda , Shubham Ugare , Sasa Misailovic

Program synthesis is the task of automatically deriving a program that has been specified by a user in advance. Combining automated theorem proving with program synthesis enables the automated construction of proven-to-be-correct programs,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Márton Hajdu , Petra Hozzová , Laura Kovács , Eva Maria Wagner

This paper proposes various new analysis techniques for Bayes networks in which conditional probability tables (CPTs) may contain symbolic variables. The key idea is to exploit scalable and powerful techniques for synthesis problems in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-08-17 Bahare Salmani , Joost-Pieter Katoen

This paper introduces PRIMETIME, a synthetic generator that supports both benchmarking and fine-tuning of two primitive operations underlying temporal reasoning in Large Language Models (LLMs): parsing and arithmetic on datetimes. Existing…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Edward Gaere , Florian Wangenheim

Set constraints provide a highly general way to formulate program analyses. However, solving arbitrary boolean combinations of set constraints is NEXPTIME-hard. Moreover, while theoretical algorithms to solve arbitrary set constraints…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Joseph Eremondi

In many synthesis problems, it can be essential to generate implementations which not only satisfy functional constraints but are also randomized to improve variety, robustness, or unpredictability. The recently-proposed framework of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-06-07 Andreas Gittis , Eric Vin , Daniel J. Fremont

A critical problem in the emerging high-throughput genotyping protocols is to minimize the number of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers required to amplify the single nucleotide polymorphism loci of interest. In this paper we study PCR…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2007-05-23 K. Konwar , I. Mandoiu , A. Russell , A. Shvartsman