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3D molecule generation is crucial for drug discovery and material design. While prior efforts focus on 3D diffusion models for their benefits in modeling continuous 3D conformers, they overlook the advantages of 1D SELFIES-based Language…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2025-02-28 Zhiyuan Liu , Yanchen Luo , Han Huang , Enzhi Zhang , Sihang Li , Junfeng Fang , Yaorui Shi , Xiang Wang , Kenji Kawaguchi , Tat-Seng Chua

Transition states (TSs) are central to understanding and quantitatively predicting chemical reactivity and reaction mechanisms. Although traditional TS generation methods are computationally expensive, recent generative modeling approaches…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2026-02-12 Ron Shprints , Peter Holderrieth , Juno Nam , Rafael Gómez-Bombarelli , Tommi Jaakkola

Diffusion models have shown promise in text generation, but often struggle with generating long, coherent, and contextually accurate text. Token-level diffusion doesn't model word-order dependencies explicitly and operates on short, fixed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Xiaochen Zhu , Georgi Karadzhov , Chenxi Whitehouse , Andreas Vlachos

Molecular conformer generation is a fundamental task in computational chemistry. Several machine learning approaches have been developed, but none have outperformed state-of-the-art cheminformatics methods. We propose torsional diffusion, a…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2023-03-02 Bowen Jing , Gabriele Corso , Jeffrey Chang , Regina Barzilay , Tommi Jaakkola

Generative models of 3D molecular structure play a rapidly growing role in the design and simulation of molecules. Diffusion models currently dominate the space of 3D molecule generation, while autoregressive models have trailed behind. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Austin H. Cheng , Chong Sun , Alán Aspuru-Guzik

We introduce a representation of any atom in any chemical environment for the generation of efficient quantum machine learning (QML) models of common electronic ground-state properties. The representation is based on scaled distribution…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2018-04-18 Felix A. Faber , Anders S. Christensen , Bing Huang , O. Anatole von Lilienfeld

In the real world, a molecule is a 3D geometric structure. Compared to 1D SMILES sequences and 2D molecular graphs, 3D molecules represent the most informative molecular modality. Despite the rapid progress of autoregressive-based language…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Lei Jiang , Shuzhou Sun , Biqing Qi , Yuchen Fu , Xiaohua Xu , Yuqiang Li , Dongzhan Zhou , Tianfan Fu

A generative model capable of sampling realistic molecules with desired properties could accelerate chemical discovery across a wide range of applications. Toward this goal, significant effort has focused on developing models that jointly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Ian Dunn , David R. Koes

Three-dimensional molecular generators based on diffusion models can now reach near-crystallographic accuracy, yet they remain fragmented across tasks. SMILES-only inputs, two-stage pretrain-finetune pipelines, and one-task-one-model…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-07-11 Dong Xu , Zhangfan Yang , Sisi Yuan , Jenna Xinyi Yao , Jiangqiang Li , Junkai Ji

Text-guided molecule generation is a task where molecules are generated to match specific textual descriptions. Recently, most existing SMILES-based molecule generation methods rely on an autoregressive architecture. In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Haisong Gong , Qiang Liu , Shu Wu , Liang Wang

Diffusion Models enable realistic image generation, raising the risk of misinformation and eroding public trust. Currently, detecting images generated by unseen diffusion models remains challenging due to the limited generalization…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Yingjian Chen , Lei Zhang , Yakun Niu , Lei Tan , Pei Chen

Molecular structure elucidation from spectra is a fundamental challenge in molecular science. Conventional approaches rely heavily on expert interpretation and lack scalability, while retrieval-based machine learning approaches remain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Liang Wang , Yu Rong , Tingyang Xu , Zhenyi Zhong , Zhiyuan Liu , Pengju Wang , Deli Zhao , Qiang Liu , Shu Wu , Liang Wang , Yang Zhang

Drug development is a critical but notoriously resource- and time-consuming process. In this manuscript, we develop a novel generative artificial intelligence (genAI) method DiffSMol to facilitate drug development. DiffSmol generates 3D…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Ziqi Chen , Bo Peng , Tianhua Zhai , Daniel Adu-Ampratwum , Xia Ning

Diffusion Transformers (DiTs) have demonstrated strong performance in generative modeling, particularly in image synthesis, making them a compelling choice for molecular conformer generation. However, applying DiTs to molecules introduces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-12 J. Thorben Frank , Winfried Ripken , Gregor Lied , Klaus-Robert Müller , Oliver T. Unke , Stefan Chmiela

Generative AI presents chemists with novel ideas for drug design and facilitates the exploration of vast chemical spaces. Diffusion models (DMs), an emerging tool, have recently attracted great attention in drug R\&D. This paper…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-07-14 Peining Zhang , Daniel Baker , Minghu Song , Jinbo Bi

Text-conditioned molecular generation aims to translate natural-language descriptions into chemical structures, enabling scientists to specify functional groups, scaffolds, and physicochemical constraints without handcrafted rules.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Lingxiao Li , Haobo Zhang , Bin Chen , Jiayu Zhou

The generation of plausible crystal structures is often the first step in predicting the structure and properties of a material from its chemical composition. Quickly generating and predicting inorganic crystal structures is important for…

Materials Science · Physics 2024-02-13 Luis M. Antunes , Keith T. Butler , Ricardo Grau-Crespo

Predicting the binding structure of a small molecule ligand to a protein -- a task known as molecular docking -- is critical to drug design. Recent deep learning methods that treat docking as a regression problem have decreased runtime…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-02-14 Gabriele Corso , Hannes Stärk , Bowen Jing , Regina Barzilay , Tommi Jaakkola

Can we train a 3D molecule generator using data from dense regions to generate samples in sparse regions? This challenge can be framed as an out-of-distribution (OOD) generation problem. While prior research on OOD generation predominantly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Haokai Hong , Wanyu Lin , Ming Yang , Kay Chen Tan

Recent advances in diffusion models have significantly improved the synthesis of materials, textures, and 3D shapes. By conditioning these models via text or images, users can guide the generation, reducing the time required to create…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Marzia Riso , Giuseppe Vecchio , Fabio Pellacini