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Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are one of the most promising bio-inspired neural networks models and have drawn increasing attention in recent years. The event-driven communication mechanism of SNNs allows for sparse and theoretically…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Andrea Castagnetti , Alain Pegatoquet , Benoît Miramond

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) as Machine Learning (ML) models have recently received a lot of attention as a potentially more energy-efficient alternative to conventional Artificial Neural Networks. The non-differentiability and sparsity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Maximilian Gollwitzer , Felix Dietrich

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are a promising alternative to traditional deep learning methods since they perform event-driven information processing. However, a major drawback of SNNs is high inference latency. The efficiency of SNNs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-30 Sayeed Shafayet Chowdhury , Isha Garg , Kaushik Roy

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are biologically-inspired models that are capable of processing information in streams of action potentials. However, simulating and training SNNs is computationally expensive due to the need to solve large…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2023-12-29 Rainer Engelken

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) provide an energy-efficient solution by utilizing the spike-based and sparse nature of biological systems. Since the advent of Transformers, SNNs have struggled to compete with artificial networks on long…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Yan Zhong , Ruoyu Zhao , Chao Wang , Qinghai Guo , Jianguo Zhang , Zhichao Lu , Luziwei Leng

Large Language Models (LLMs) present significant challenges for deployment in energy-constrained environments due to their large model sizes and high inference latency. Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), inspired by the sparse event-driven…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Yi Jiang , Malyaban Bal , Brian Matejek , Susmit Jha , Adam Cobb , Abhronil Sengupta

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are gaining interest due to their event-driven processing which potentially consumes low power/energy computations in hardware platforms, while offering unsupervised learning capability due to the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Rachmad Vidya Wicaksana Putra , Muhammad Shafique

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) with a large number of weights and varied weight distribution can be difficult to implement in emerging in-memory computing hardware due to the limitations on crossbar size (implementing dot product), the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-10-16 Nitin Rathi , Priyadarshini Panda , Kaushik Roy

Energy efficient implementations and deployments of Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have been of great interest due to the possibility of developing artificial systems that can achieve the computational powers and energy efficiency of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-09 Clemens JS Schaefer , Pooria Taheri , Mark Horeni , Siddharth Joshi

There is an increasing interest in emulating Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) on neuromorphic computing devices due to their low energy consumption. Recent advances have allowed training SNNs to a point where they start to compete with…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-01-14 Nicolas Perez-Nieves , Dan F. M. Goodman

Spiking Neural Network (SNN) inference has a clear potential for high energy efficiency as computation is triggered by events. However, the inherent sparsity of events poses challenges for conventional computing systems, driving the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Simone Manoni , Paul Scheffler , Luca Zanatta , Andrea Acquaviva , Luca Benini , Andrea Bartolini

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are distributed trainable systems whose computing elements, or neurons, are characterized by internal analog dynamics and by digital and sparse synaptic communications. The sparsity of the synaptic spiking…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-10-22 Hyeryung Jang , Osvaldo Simeone , Brian Gardner , André Grüning

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are being explored for their potential energy efficiency resulting from sparse, event-driven computations. Many recent works have demonstrated effective backpropagation for deep Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs)…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-03-04 Jason M. Allred , Steven J. Spencer , Gopalakrishnan Srinivasan , Kaushik Roy

Embedded AI systems are expected to incur low power/energy consumption for solving machine learning tasks, as these systems are usually power constrained (e.g., object recognition task in autonomous mobile agents with portable batteries).…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Rachmad Vidya Wicaksana Putra , Muhammad Shafique

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), with brain-inspired structure using discrete spikes instead of continuous activations, are gaining attention for their efficient processing on neuromorphic chips. While current SNN hardware accelerators often…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Tenglong Li , Jindong Li , Guobin Shen , Dongcheng Zhao , Qian Zhang , Yi Zeng

The majority of research in both training Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and modeling learning in biological brains focuses on synaptic plasticity, where learning equates to changing the strength of existing connections. However, in…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-13 James C. Knight , Johanna Senk , Thomas Nowotny

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) offer an energy-efficient alternative to traditional neural networks due to their event-driven computing paradigm. However, recent advancements in spiking transformers have focused on improving accuracy with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Wenjie Wei , Xiaolong Zhou , Malu Zhang , Ammar Belatreche , Qian Sun , Yimeng Shan , Dehao Zhang , Zijian Zhou , Zeyu Ma , Yang Yang , Haizhou Li

As the third-generation neural network, the Spiking Neural Network (SNN) has the advantages of low power consumption and high energy efficiency, making it suitable for implementation on edge devices. More recently, the most advanced SNN,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Yue Liu , Shanlin Xiao , Bo Li , Zhiyi Yu

Biologically inspired Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have attracted significant attention for their ability to provide extremely energy-efficient machine intelligence through event-driven operation and sparse activities. As artificial…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Shaoyi Huang , Haowen Fang , Kaleel Mahmood , Bowen Lei , Nuo Xu , Bin Lei , Yue Sun , Dongkuan Xu , Wujie Wen , Caiwen Ding

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have emerged as a new generation of energy-efficient neural networks suitable for implementation on neuromorphic hardware. As neuromorphic hardware has limited memory and computational resources, parameter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Lianfeng Shi , Ao Li , Benjamin Ward-Cherrier