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Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has recently strengthened LLM reasoning, but its focus on final answer correctness leaves a critical gap: it does not ensure the robustness of the reasoning process itself. We adopt a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Hyunseok Lee , Soheil Abbasloo , Jihoon Tack , Jinwoo Shin

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have enabled near-human performance on software coding benchmarks, but their effectiveness in RTL code generation remains limited due to the scarcity of high-quality training data. While prior…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Chenhui Deng , Yun-Da Tsai , Guan-Ting Liu , Zhongzhi Yu , Haoxing Ren

The automated generation of design RTL based on large language model (LLM) and natural language instructions has demonstrated great potential in agile circuit design. However, the lack of datasets and benchmarks in the public domain…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Shang Liu , Yao Lu , Wenji Fang , Mengming Li , Zhiyao Xie

Code generation, which aims to automatically generate source code from given programming requirements, has the potential to substantially improve software development efficiency. With the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs),…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Shouyu Yin , Zhao Tian , Junjie Chen , Shikai Guo

The automated generation of hardware register-transfer level (RTL) code with large language models (LLMs) shows promise, yet current solutions struggle to produce syntactically and functionally correct code for complex digital designs. This…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Nowfel Mashnoor , Mohammad Akyash , Hadi Kamali , Kimia Azar

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Reward (RLVR) has proven effective for training reasoning-oriented large language models, but existing methods largely assume high-resource settings with abundant training data. In low-resource…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Zhanyu Liu , Qingguo Hu , Ante Wang , Chenqing Liu , Zhishang Xiang , Hui Li , Delai Qiu , Jinsong Su

Large language models (LLMs) and multimodal LLMs (MLL-Ms) excel at chain-of-thought reasoning but face distribution shift at test-time and a lack of verifiable supervision. Recent test-time reinforcement learning (TTRL) methods derive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Jianghao Wu , Yasmeen George , Jin Ye , Yicheng Wu , Daniel F. Schmidt , Jianfei Cai

The remarkable progress of Large Language Models (LLMs) presents promising opportunities for Verilog code generation which is significantly important for automated circuit design. The lacking of meaningful functional rewards hinders the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Yang Zhang , Rui Zhang , Jiaming Guo , Lei Huang , Di Huang , Yunpu Zhao , Shuyao Cheng , Pengwei Jin , Chongxiao Li , Zidong Du , Xing Hu , Qi Guo , Yunji Chen

Reinforcement Learning from Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) improves the reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) but it struggles with unstable exploration. We propose FR3E (First Return, Entropy-Eliciting Explore), a structured…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Tianyu Zheng , Tianshun Xing , Qingshui Gu , Taoran Liang , Xingwei Qu , Xin Zhou , Yizhi Li , Zhoufutu Wen , Chenghua Lin , Wenhao Huang , Qian Liu , Ge Zhang , Zejun Ma

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has recently demonstrated notable success in enhancing the reasoning performance of large language models (LLMs), particularly on mathematics and programming tasks. Similar to how…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Yang Yue , Zhiqi Chen , Rui Lu , Andrew Zhao , Zhaokai Wang , Yang Yue , Shiji Song , Gao Huang

As hardware design complexity escalates, there is an urgent need for advanced automation in electronic design automation (EDA). Traditional register transfer level (RTL) design methods are manual, time-consuming, and prone to errors. While…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Mohammad Akyash , Kimia Azar , Hadi Kamali

Large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in performing complex multi-step reasoning, yet they continue to struggle with mathematical reasoning, often making systematic errors. A promising solution is reinforcement learning (RL)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Hanning Zhang , Pengcheng Wang , Shizhe Diao , Yong Lin , Rui Pan , Hanze Dong , Dylan Zhang , Pavlo Molchanov , Tong Zhang

Automating hardware design could obviate a significant amount of human error from the engineering process and lead to fewer errors. Verilog is a popular hardware description language to model and design digital systems, thus generating…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Shailja Thakur , Baleegh Ahmad , Zhenxing Fan , Hammond Pearce , Benjamin Tan , Ramesh Karri , Brendan Dolan-Gavitt , Siddharth Garg

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a critical method for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, continuous training often leads to policy entropy collapse,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Kun Chen , Peng Shi , Fanfan Liu , Haibo Qiu , Zhixiong Zeng , Siqi Yang , Wenji Mao

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has demonstrated promising gains in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models. However, its dependence on domain-specific verifiers significantly restricts its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Chongxuan Huang , Lei Lin , Xiaodong Shi , Wenping Hu , Ruiming Tang

Large Language Models have emerged as powerful tools for automating Register-Transfer Level (RTL) code generation, yet they face critical limitations: existing approaches typically fail to simultaneously optimize functional correctness and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Zhirong Chen , Kaiyan Chang , Zhuolin Li , Cangyuan Li , Xinyang He , Chujie Chen , Mengdi Wang , Haobo Xu , Yinhe Han , Huawei Li , Ying Wang

With the rise of reasoning language models and test-time scaling methods as a paradigm for improving model performance, substantial computation is often required to generate multiple candidate sequences from the same prompt. This enables…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Daniel Scalena , Leonidas Zotos , Elisabetta Fersini , Malvina Nissim , Ahmet Üstün

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in decision-making tasks, where not only accuracy but also reliable confidence estimates are essential. Well-calibrated confidence enables downstream systems to decide when to trust a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Duygu Nur Yaldiz , Evangelia Spiliopoulou , Zheng Qi , Siddharth Varia , Srikanth Doss , Nikolaos Pappas

Reinforcement learning is critical to improving large reasoning models, but its success relies heavily on verifiable rewards (RLVR), making it hard to use in open-ended domains where correctness is ambiguous and cannot be verified.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yifan Wang , Bolian Li , David Cho , Ruqi Zhang , Fanping Sui , Ananth Grama

Register-Transfer Level (RTL) verification is a primary bottleneck, consuming 60-70% of development time. While Large Language Models (LLMs) show promise for RTL automation, their performance and research focus have overwhelmingly centered…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Yujie Zhao , Zhijing Wu , Boqin Yuan , Zhongming Yu , Hejia Zhang , Wentao Ni , Chia-Tung Ho , Haoxing Ren , Jishen Zhao