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Large vision-language models (VLMs) such as GPT-4 have achieved unprecedented performance in response generation, especially with visual inputs, enabling more creative and adaptable interaction than large language models such as ChatGPT.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Yunqing Zhao , Tianyu Pang , Chao Du , Xiao Yang , Chongxuan Li , Ngai-Man Cheung , Min Lin

Large language models frequently exhibit suboptimal performance on low resource languages, primarily due to inefficient subword segmentation and systemic training data imbalances. In this paper, we propose Variable Entropy Policy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Chonghan Liu , Yimin Du , Qi An , Xin He , Cunqi Zhai , Fei Tan , Weijia Lin , Xiaochun Gong , Yongchao Deng , Shousheng Jia , Xiangzheng Zhang

Despite their success in many domains, large language models (LLMs) remain under-studied in scenarios requiring optimal decision-making under uncertainty. This is crucial as many real-world applications, ranging from personalized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Allen Nie , Yi Su , Bo Chang , Jonathan N. Lee , Ed H. Chi , Quoc V. Le , Minmin Chen

Context: Software vulnerability assessment (SVA) is critical for identifying, evaluating, and prioritizing security weaknesses in software applications. Objective: Despite the increasing application of large language models (LLMs) in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Chaoyang Gao , Xiang Chen , Guangbei Zhang

Policy-based reinforcement learning currently plays an important role in improving LLMs on mathematical reasoning tasks. However, existing rollout-based reinforcement learning methods (GRPO, DAPO, GSPO, etc.) fail to explicitly consider…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Guochao Jiang , Wenfeng Feng , Guofeng Quan , Chuzhan Hao , Yuewei Zhang , Guohua Liu , Hao Wang

Software vulnerabilities (SVs) pose a critical threat to safety-critical systems, driving the adoption of AI-based approaches such as machine learning and deep learning for software vulnerability detection. Despite promising results, most…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Van Nguyen , Surya Nepal , Xingliang Yuan , Tingmin Wu , Fengchao Chen , Carsten Rudolph

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have recently demonstrated impressive performances across diverse domains. However, how the safety of Large Language Models (LLMs) benefits from enhanced reasoning capabilities against jailbreak queries remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Junda Zhu , Lingyong Yan , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Lei Sha

Current Large Language Models (LLMs) safety approaches focus on explicitly harmful content while overlooking a critical vulnerability: the inability to understand context and recognize user intent. This creates exploitable vulnerabilities…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Ahmed M. Hussain , Salahuddin Salahuddin

According to our survey of machine learning for vulnerability detection (ML4VD), 9 in every 10 papers published in the past five years define ML4VD as a function-level binary classification problem: Given a function, does it contain a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Niklas Risse , Jing Liu , Marcel Böhme

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) often struggle to ground reasoning in perceptual evidence. We present a systematic study of perception strategies-explicit, implicit, visual, and textual-across four multimodal benchmarks and two…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yizhuo Ding , Mingkang Chen , Zhibang Feng , Tong Xiao , Wanying Qu , Wenqi Shao , Yanwei Fu

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) or multimodal large language models represent a significant advancement in artificial intelligence, enabling systems to understand and generate content across both visual and textual modalities. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Thanh Thi Nguyen , Campbell Wilson , Janis Dalins

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in code completion tasks, where they assist developers by predicting and generating new code in real-time. However, existing LLM-based code completion systems primarily…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Zhanming Guan , Junlin Liu , Jierui Liu , Chao Peng , Dexin Liu , Ningyuan Sun , Bo Jiang , Wenchao Li , Jie Liu , Hang Zhu

Diffusion large language models (dLLMs) offer a promising route to parallel and efficient text generation, but improving their reasoning ability requires effective post-training. Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) is a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zichao Yu , Shengze Xu , Bingqing Jiang , Wenyi Zhang , Difan Zou

Recovering the structure of causal graphical models from observational data is an essential yet challenging task for causal discovery in scientific scenarios. Domain-specific causal discovery usually relies on expert validation or prior…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Taiyu Ban , Lyuzhou Chen , Derui Lyu , Xiangyu Wang , Qinrui Zhu , Qiang Tu , Huanhuan Chen

Existing Reinforcement Learning from Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) methods, such as Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), have achieved remarkable progress in improving the reasoning capabilities of Large Reasoning Models (LRMs). However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Hsiu-Yuan Huang , Chenming Tang , Weijie Liu , Clive Bai , Saiyong Yang , Yunfang Wu

Tool calling enables large language models (LLMs) to interact with external environments through tool invocation, providing a practical way to overcome the limitations of pretraining. However, the effectiveness of tool use depends heavily…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Henger Li , Shuangjie You , Flavio Di Palo , Yiyue Qian , Ayush Jain

Large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in generating program workflows for visual tasks. However, previous approaches often rely on closed-source models, lack systematic reasoning, and struggle with long-form video question…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Chenglin Li , Feng Han , Yikun Wang , Ruilin Li , Shuai Dong , Haowen Hou , Haitao Li , Qianglong Chen , Feng Tao , Jingqi Tong , Yin Zhang , Jiaqi Wang

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in multimodal understanding, yet their reasoning abilities remain underexplored. Existing benchmarks tend to focus on perception or text-based comprehension,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Xiang Li , Wenyue Hua , Kaijie Zhu , Lingyao Li , Haoyang Ling , Jinkui Chi , Qi Dou , Jindong Wang , Yongfeng Zhang , Xin Ma , Lizhou Fan

Recently, deep learning techniques have garnered substantial attention for their ability to identify vulnerable code patterns accurately. However, current state-of-the-art deep learning models, such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN),…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Marwan Omar

Large vision-language models (LVLMs) suffer from hallucination, resulting in misalignment between the output textual response and the input visual content. Recent research indicates that the over-reliance on the Large Language Model (LLM)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Yuxi Xie , Guanzhen Li , Xiao Xu , Min-Yen Kan