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Learning meaningful protein representation is important for a variety of biological downstream tasks such as structure-based drug design. Having witnessed the success of protein sequence pretraining, pretraining for structural data which is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-23 Yufei Huang , Lirong Wu , Haitao Lin , Jiangbin Zheng , Ge Wang , Stan Z. Li

Multimodal protein language models (PLMs) integrate sequence and token-based structural information, serving as a powerful foundation for protein modeling, generation, and design. However, the reliance on tokenizing 3D structures into…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Cheng-Yen Hsieh , Xinyou Wang , Daiheng Zhang , Dongyu Xue , Fei Ye , Shujian Huang , Zaixiang Zheng , Quanquan Gu

Tokenization imposes a fixed granularity on the input text, freezing how a language model operates on data and how far in the future it predicts. Byte Pair Encoding (BPE) and similar schemes split text once, build a static vocabulary, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Mathurin Videau , Badr Youbi Idrissi , Alessandro Leite , Marc Schoenauer , Olivier Teytaud , David Lopez-Paz

Neural sequence-to-sequence models provide a competitive approach to the task of mapping a question in natural language to an SQL query, also referred to as text-to-SQL generation. The Byte-Pair Encoding algorithm (BPE) has previously been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-19 Samuel Müller , Andreas Vlachos

The protein backbone is described as a smooth curved and twisted line in three-dimensional (3D) space and characterized by its curvature $\kappa(s)$ and torsion $\tau(s)$ both expressed as a function of arc length s. It is shown that the…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2008-11-24 Sushilee Ranganathan , Dmitry Izotov , Elfi Kraka , Dieter Cremer

Generative modeling has become a central paradigm in protein research, extending machine learning beyond structure prediction toward sequence design, backbone generation, inverse folding, and biomolecular interaction modeling. However, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Senura Hansaja Wanasekara , Minh-Duong Nguyen , Xiaochen Liu , Nguyen H. Tran , Ken-Tye Yong

Proteins are central to biological systems, participating as building blocks across all forms of life. Despite advancements in understanding protein functions through protein sequence analysis, there remains potential for further…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Yunqing Liu , Wenqi Fan , Xiaoyong Wei , Qing Li

As large language models move toward million-token context windows, CPU tokenizers become a major slowdown because they process text one step at a time while powerful GPUs sit unused. We built a GPU-based byte-level BPE tokenizer that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Venu Gopal Kadamba , Kanishkha Jaisankar

Generative modeling for protein engineering is key to solving fundamental problems in synthetic biology, medicine, and material science. We pose protein engineering as an unsupervised sequence generation problem in order to leverage the…

Learning on 3D structures of large biomolecules is emerging as a distinct area in machine learning, but there has yet to emerge a unifying network architecture that simultaneously leverages the graph-structured and geometric aspects of the…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2021-05-18 Bowen Jing , Stephan Eismann , Patricia Suriana , Raphael J. L. Townshend , Ron Dror

Have you ever been troubled by the complexity and computational cost of SE(3) protein structure modeling and been amazed by the simplicity and power of language modeling? Recent work has shown promise in simplifying protein structures as…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2023-01-25 Zhangyang Gao , Cheng Tan , Stan Z. Li

Understanding protein structure-function relationships is a key challenge in computational biology, with applications across the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. While it is known that protein structure directly impacts protein…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2020-11-02 Nicolas Swenson , Aditi S. Krishnapriyan , Aydin Buluc , Dmitriy Morozov , Katherine Yelick

Recently developed deep learning techniques have significantly improved the accuracy of various speech and image recognition systems. In this paper we adapt some of these techniques for protein secondary structure prediction. We first train…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-11-07 Akosua Busia , Jasmine Collins , Navdeep Jaitly

Protein folding, which dictates the protein structure from its amino acid sequence, is half a century old problem of biology. The function of the protein correlates with its structure, emphasizing the need of understanding protein folding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-03 Jaya Vasavi P , Soham Bopardikar , Avinash D , Ashwini K , Kalyan Dasgupta , Sanjib Senapati

Protein structure is generally conceptualized as the global arrangement or of smaller, local motifs of helices, sheets, and loops. These regular, recurring secondary structural elements have well-understood and standardized definitions in…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2009-11-11 Isaac A. Hubner , Eugene I. Shakhnovich

Generating novel active molecules for a given protein is an extremely challenging task for generative models that requires an understanding of the complex physical interactions between the molecule and its environment. In this paper, we…

Proteins play a vital role in biological processes and are indispensable for living organisms. Accurate representation of proteins is crucial, especially in drug development. Recently, there has been a notable increase in interest in…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2026-05-28 Dan Kalifa , Uriel Singer , Kira Radinsky

Proteins are biomolecules of life. They fold into a great variety of three-dimensional (3D) shapes. Underlying these folding patterns are many recurrent structural fragments or building blocks (analogous to `LEGO bricks'). This paper…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2013-10-08 Arun S. Konagurthu , Arthur M. Lesk , David Abramson , Peter J. Stuckey , Lloyd Allison

Protein design is a technique to engineer proteins by modifying their sequence to obtain novel functionalities. In this method, amino acids in the sequence are permutated to find the low energy states satisfying the configuration. However,…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2023-05-10 Mohammad Hassan Khatami , Udson C. Mendes , Nathan Wiebe , Philip M. Kim

Quantification and classification of protein structures, such as knotted proteins, often requires noise-free and complete data. Here we develop a mathematical pipeline that systematically analyzes protein structures. We showcase this…