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It is pointed out that there exists an unambiguous definition of locality that enables one to distinguish local and nonlocal quantities. Observables of both types coexist in quantum optics but one must be very careful when attempting to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-12-09 Iwo Bialynicki-Birula

Global internal symmetries act unitarily on local observables or states of a quantum system. In this note, we aim to generalise this statement to extended observables by considering unitary actions of finite global 2-group symmetries…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2025-02-07 Thomas Bartsch

Quantum field theory unifies concepts from quantum theory and from special relativity. Its mathematically rigorous description is quite intricate and is only partially understood; this is particularly true for the construction of operators…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2015-05-04 Henning Bostelmann

We establish the conditions under which a conservation law associated with a non-invertible operator may be realized as a symmetry in quantum physics. As established by Wigner, all quantum symmetries must be represented by either unitary or…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-27 Gerardo Ortiz , Chinmay Giridhar , Philipp Vojta , Andriy H. Nevidomskyy , Zohar Nussinov

We demonstrate that for an arbitrary number of identical particles, each defined on a Hilbert-space of arbitrary dimension, there exists a whole ladder of relations of complementarity between local, and every conceivable kind of joint (or…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-11-24 R. Garcia Diaz , J. L. Romero , G. Bjork , M. Bourennane

We investigate the interplay and connections between symmetry properties of equations, the interpretation of coordinates, the construction of observables, and the existence of physical relativity principles in spacetime theories. Using the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-06-30 Hans Westman , Sebastiano Sonego

Quantum operators of coordinates and momentum components of a particle in Minkowski space-time belong to a noncommutative algebra and give rise to a quantum phase space. Under some constraints, in particular, the Lorentz invariance…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-10-20 V. V. Khruschov

The effects of any quantum measurement can be described by a collection of measurement operators {M_m} acting on the quantum state of the measured system. However, the Hilbert space formalism tends to obscure the relationship between the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Holger F. Hofmann

Spacetime inversion symmetries such as parity and time reversal play a central role in physics, but they are usually treated as global symmetries. In quantum gravity there are no global symmetries, so any spacetime inversion symmetries must…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-04-25 Daniel Harlow , Tokiro Numasawa

The paper is devoted to establishing relationships between global and local monotonicity, as well as their maximality versions, for single-valued and set-valued mappings between finite-dimensional and infinite-dimensional spaces. We first…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2024-04-01 Pham Duy Khanh , Vu Vinh Huy Khoa , Juan Enrique Martínez-Legaz , Boris S. Mordukhovich

Local gauge symmetries reduce to the identity on the observables, as well as on the physical states (apart from reflexes of the local gauge group topology) and therefore their use in Quantum Field Theory (QFT) asks for a justification of…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-09-27 Franco Strocchi

According to a fundamental result in quantum computing, any unitary transformation on a composite system can be generated using so-called 2-local unitaries that act only on two subsystems. Beyond its importance in quantum computing, this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-15 Iman Marvian

Global invertible symmetries act unitarily on local observables or states of a quantum system. In this note, we aim to generalise this statement to non-invertible symmetries by considering unitary actions of higher fusion category…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-04-16 Thomas Bartsch

We show that General Relativity coupled to a quantum field theory generically leads to non-local effects in the matter sector. These non-local effects can be described by non-local higher dimensional operators which remarkably have an…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2016-01-27 Xavier Calmet , Djuna Croon , Christopher Fritz

Let $U$ be a unitary operator defined on some infinite-dimensional complex Hilbert space ${\cal H}$. Under some suitable regularity assumptions, it is known that a local positive commutation relation between $U$ and an auxiliary…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2013-12-19 M. A. Astaburuaga , O. Bourget , V. H. Cortés

A $q$-form global symmetry is a global symmetry for which the charged operators are of space-time dimension $q$; e.g. Wilson lines, surface defects, etc., and the charged excitations have $q$ spatial dimensions; e.g. strings, membranes,…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-23 Davide Gaiotto , Anton Kapustin , Nathan Seiberg , Brian Willett

Antiunitary representations of Lie groups take values in the group of unitary and antiunitary operators on a Hilbert space H. In quantum physics, antiunitary operators implement time inversion or a PCT symmetry, and in the modular theory of…

Representation Theory · Mathematics 2017-04-06 Karl-Hermann Neeb , Gestur Olafsson

The description of relativistic effects requires a preliminary definition of events localised in space-time while the clocks used for time definition and the fields used in synchronisation or localisation procedures are necessarily quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-02-27 Marc-Thierry Jaekel , Serge Reynaud

We discuss some general properties of quantum gravity in De Sitter space. It has been argued that the Hilbert space is of finite dimension. This suggests a macroscopic argument that General Relativity cannot be quantized -- unless it is…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 Edward Witten

We treat space and time as bona fide quantum degrees of freedom on an equal footing in Hilbert space. Motivated by considerations in quantum gravity, we focus on a paradigm dealing with linear, first-order Hamiltonian and momentum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-19 Ashmeet Singh