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The widespread use of AI-generated content from diffusion models has raised significant concerns regarding misinformation and copyright infringement. Watermarking is a crucial technique for identifying these AI-generated images and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Wenda Li , Huijie Zhang , Qing Qu

In the burgeoning age of generative AI, watermarks act as identifiers of provenance and artificial content. We present WAVES (Watermark Analysis Via Enhanced Stress-testing), a benchmark for assessing image watermark robustness, overcoming…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Bang An , Mucong Ding , Tahseen Rabbani , Aakriti Agrawal , Yuancheng Xu , Chenghao Deng , Sicheng Zhu , Abdirisak Mohamed , Yuxin Wen , Tom Goldstein , Furong Huang

The rapid proliferation of realistic deepfakes has raised urgent concerns over their misuse, motivating the use of defensive watermarks in synthetic images for reliable detection and provenance tracking. However, this defense paradigm…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Wei Song , Zhenchang Xing , Liming Zhu , Yulei Sui , Jingling Xue

This paper introduces a novel deep learning framework for robust image zero-watermarking based on distortion-invariant feature learning. As a zero-watermarking scheme, our method leaves the original image unaltered and learns a reference…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Abdullah All Tanvir , Frank Y. Shih , Xin Zhong

Deep learning techniques are one of the most significant elements of any Artificial Intelligence (AI) services. Recently, these Machine Learning (ML) methods, such as Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), presented exceptional achievement in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-10 Mohammad Mehdi Yadollahi , Farzaneh Shoeleh , Sajjad Dadkhah , Ali A. Ghorbani

Digital watermarking enables protection against copyright infringement of images. Although existing methods embed watermarks imperceptibly and demonstrate robustness against attacks, they typically lack resilience against geometric…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Hannes Mareen , Lucas Antchougov , Glenn Van Wallendael , Peter Lambert

Unauthorized screen capturing and dissemination pose severe security threats such as data leakage and information theft. Several studies propose robust watermarking methods to track the copyright of Screen-Camera (SC) images, facilitating…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Yufeng Wu , Xin Liao , Baowei Wang , Han Fang , Xiaoshuai Wu , Mingyue Chen , Guiling Wang

Watermarking methods have always been effective means of protecting intellectual property, yet they face significant challenges. Although existing deep learning-based watermarking systems can hide watermarks in images with minimal impact on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Xuan Ding , Xiu Yan , Chuanlong Xie , Yao Zhu

Deepfakes pose significant security and privacy threats through malicious facial manipulations. While robust watermarking can aid in authenticity verification and source tracking, existing methods often lack the sufficient robustness…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Chen Sun , Haiyang Sun , Zhiqing Guo , Yunfeng Diao , Liejun Wang , Dan Ma , Gaobo Yang , Keqin Li

Deepfake speech attribution remains challenging for existing solutions. Classifier-based solutions often fail to generalize to domain-shifted samples, and watermarking-based solutions are easily compromised by distortions like codec…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-16 Wanying Ge , Xin Wang , Junichi Yamagishi

In this work, we introduce a novel deep learning-based approach to text-in-image watermarking, a method that embeds and extracts textual information within images to enhance data security and integrity. Leveraging the capabilities of deep…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Bishwa Karki , Chun-Hua Tsai , Pei-Chi Huang , Xin Zhong

Watermarking the initial noise of diffusion models has emerged as a promising approach for image provenance, but content-independent noise patterns can be forged via inversion and regeneration attacks. Recent semantic-aware watermarking…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Zheng Gao , Yifan Yang , Xiaoyu Li , Xiaoyan Feng , Haoran Fan , Yang Song , Jiaojiao Jiang

Audio watermarking is widely used for leaking source tracing. The robustness of the watermark determines the traceability of the algorithm. With the development of digital technology, audio re-recording (AR) has become an efficient and…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Chang Liu , Jie Zhang , Han Fang , Zehua Ma , Weiming Zhang , Nenghai Yu

As artificial intelligence surpasses human capabilities in text generation, the necessity to authenticate the origins of AI-generated content has become paramount. Unbiased watermarks offer a powerful solution by embedding statistical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Ruibo Chen , Yihan Wu , Junfeng Guo , Heng Huang

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have raised urgent concerns about LLM-generated text authenticity, prompting regulatory demands for reliable identification mechanisms. Although watermarking offers a promising solution,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Xiaoyan Feng , He Zhang , Yanjun Zhang , Leo Yu Zhang , Shirui Pan

Robust invisible watermarking aims to embed hidden information into images such that the watermark can survive various image manipulations. However, the rise of powerful diffusion-based image generation and editing techniques poses a new…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Yunyi Ni , Finn Carter , Ze Niu , Emily Davis , Bo Zhang

Semantic watermarks exhibit strong robustness against conventional image-space attacks. In this work, we show that such robustness does not survive under micro-geometric perturbations: spatial displacements can remove watermarks by breaking…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-03 Xiaoxi Kong , Jieyu Yuan , Pengdi Chen , Yuanlin Zhang , Chongyi Li , Bin Li

We revisit watermarking techniques based on pre-trained deep networks, in the light of self-supervised approaches. We present a way to embed both marks and binary messages into their latent spaces, leveraging data augmentation at marking…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-24 Pierre Fernandez , Alexandre Sablayrolles , Teddy Furon , Hervé Jégou , Matthijs Douze

The availability and easy access to digital communication increase the risk of copyrighted material piracy. In order to detect illegal use or distribution of data, digital watermarking has been proposed as a suitable tool. It protects the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-10-04 Bingyang Wen , Sergul Aydore

Audio watermarking is increasingly used to verify the provenance of AI-generated content, enabling applications such as detecting AI-generated speech, protecting music IP, and defending against voice cloning. To be effective, audio…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Yizhu Wen , Ashwin Innuganti , Aaron Bien Ramos , Hanqing Guo , Qiben Yan