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Flow matching has emerged as a competitive framework for learning high-quality generative policies in robotics; however, we find that generalisation arises and saturates early along the flow trajectory, in accordance with recent findings in…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Zidong Chen , Zihao Guo , Peng Wang , ThankGod Itua Egbe , Yan Lyu , Chenghao Qian

In reinforcement learning (RL), Q-learning is a fundamental algorithm whose convergence is guaranteed in the tabular setting. However, this convergence guarantee does not hold under linear function approximation. To overcome this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Hyukjun Yang , Han-Dong Lim , Donghwan Lee

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) allows robots to learn from offline datasets without risky exploration. Yet, offline RL's performance often hinges on a brittle trade-off between (1) return maximization, which can push policies outside…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Hokyun Im , Andrey Kolobov , Jianlong Fu , Youngwoon Lee

Generative Flow Networks (GFlowNets) have been shown effective to generate combinatorial objects with desired properties. We here propose a new GFlowNet training framework, with policy-dependent rewards, that bridges keeping flow balance of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Puhua Niu , Shili Wu , Mingzhou Fan , Xiaoning Qian

We propose a reinforcement learning (RL)-based algorithm to jointly train (1) a trajectory planner and (2) a tracking controller in a layered control architecture. Our algorithm arises naturally from a rewrite of the underlying optimal…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-18 Fengjun Yang , Nikolai Matni

We present \textbf{FlowRL}, a novel framework for online reinforcement learning that integrates flow-based policy representation with Wasserstein-2-regularized optimization. We argue that in addition to training signals, enhancing the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Lei Lv , Yunfei Li , Yu Luo , Fuchun Sun , Tao Kong , Jiafeng Xu , Xiao Ma

Off-Policy reinforcement learning (RL) is an important class of methods for many problem domains, such as robotics, where the cost of collecting data is high and on-policy methods are consequently intractable. Standard methods for applying…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-07-03 Riley Simmons-Edler , Ben Eisner , Eric Mitchell , Sebastian Seung , Daniel Lee

We study reinforcement learning (RL) for a class of continuous-time linear-quadratic (LQ) control problems for diffusions, where states are scalar-valued and running control rewards are absent but volatilities of the state processes depend…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Yilie Huang , Yanwei Jia , Xun Yu Zhou

Policy gradient is an efficient technique for improving a policy in a reinforcement learning setting. However, vanilla online variants are on-policy only and not able to take advantage of off-policy data. In this paper we describe a new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-04-10 Brendan O'Donoghue , Remi Munos , Koray Kavukcuoglu , Volodymyr Mnih

Quadratic programming is a workhorse of modern nonlinear optimization, control, and data science. Although regularized methods offer convergence guarantees under minimal assumptions on the problem data, they can exhibit the slow…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-18 Jeremy Bertoncini , Alberto De Marchi , Matthias Gerdts , Simon Gottschalk

Direct data-driven design methods for the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) mainly use offline or episodic data batches, and their online adaptation has been acknowledged as an open problem. In this paper, we propose a direct adaptive method…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-10-07 Feiran Zhao , Florian Dörfler , Alessandro Chiuso , Keyou You

Action-constrained reinforcement learning (ACRL) is a popular approach for solving safety-critical and resource-allocation related decision making problems. A major challenge in ACRL is to ensure agent taking a valid action satisfying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Janaka Chathuranga Brahmanage , Jiajing Ling , Akshat Kumar

While behavior cloning with flow/diffusion policies excels at learning complex skills from demonstrations, it remains vulnerable to distributional shift, and standard RL methods struggle to fine-tune these models due to their iterative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Mingyang Sun , Pengxiang Ding , Weinan Zhang , Donglin Wang

Training expressive flow-based policies with off-policy reinforcement learning is notoriously unstable due to gradient pathologies in the multi-step action sampling process. We trace this instability to a fundamental connection: the flow…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Yixian Zhang , Shu'ang Yu , Tonghe Zhang , Mo Guang , Haojia Hui , Kaiwen Long , Yu Wang , Chao Yu , Wenbo Ding

We study the problem of imitating an expert demonstrator in a discrete-time, continuous state-and-action control system. We show that, even if the dynamics satisfy a control-theoretic property called exponential stability (i.e. the effects…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Max Simchowitz , Daniel Pfrommer , Ali Jadbabaie

Due to its training stability and strong expression, the diffusion model has attracted considerable attention in offline reinforcement learning. However, several challenges have also come with it: 1) The demand for a large number of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Yuhui Chen , Haoran Li , Dongbin Zhao

We consider the Linear-Quadratic-Regulator (LQR) problem in terms of optimizing a real-valued matrix function over the set of feedback gains. Such a setup facilitates examining the implications of a natural initial-state independent…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-07-31 Jingjing Bu , Afshin Mesbahi , Maryam Fazel , Mehran Mesbahi

Optimal control is a successful approach to generate motions for complex robots, in particular for legged locomotion. However, these techniques are often too slow to run in real time for model predictive control or one needs to drastically…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-01-12 Julian Viereck , Avadesh Meduri , Ludovic Righetti

Learning to make decisions from observed data in dynamic environments remains a problem of fundamental importance in a number of fields, from artificial intelligence and robotics, to medicine and finance. This paper concerns the problem of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-06-04 Jack Umenberger , Thomas B. Schön

We present an algorithm for learning an approximate action-value soft Q-function in the relative entropy regularised reinforcement learning setting, for which an optimal improved policy can be recovered in closed form. We use recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-06 Jonas Degrave , Abbas Abdolmaleki , Jost Tobias Springenberg , Nicolas Heess , Martin Riedmiller