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Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as agentic systems that plan, memorize, and act in open-world environments. This shift brings new security problems: failures are no longer only unsafe text generation, but can become…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Zhihang Deng , Jiaping Gui , Weinan Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT-4 have revolutionized natural language processing, showing remarkable linguistic proficiency and reasoning capabilities. However, their application in strategic multi-agent decision-making environments…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Chuanhao Li , Runhan Yang , Tiankai Li , Milad Bafarassat , Kourosh Sharifi , Dirk Bergemann , Zhuoran Yang

There is an growing interest in using Large Language Models (LLMs) in multi-agent systems to tackle interactive real-world tasks that require effective collaboration and assessing complex situations. Yet, we still have a limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Sahar Abdelnabi , Amr Gomaa , Sarath Sivaprasad , Lea Schönherr , Mario Fritz

A critical challenge in modelling Heterogeneous-Agent Teams is training agents to collaborate with teammates whose policies are inaccessible or non-stationary, such as humans. Traditional approaches rely on expensive human-in-the-loop data,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Aju Ani Justus , Chris Baber

Automated \enquote{LLM-as-a-Judge} frameworks have become the de facto standard for scalable evaluation across natural language processing. For instance, in safety evaluation, these judges are relied upon to evaluate harmfulness in order to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Leo Schwinn , Moritz Ladenburger , Tim Beyer , Mehrnaz Mofakhami , Gauthier Gidel , Stephan Günnemann

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly vulnerable to a sophisticated form of adversarial prompting known as camouflaged jailbreaking. This method embeds malicious intent within seemingly benign language to evade existing safety…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Youjia Zheng , Mohammad Zandsalimy , Shanu Sushmita

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in a wide range of applications, yet remain vulnerable to adversarial jailbreak attacks that circumvent their safety guardrails. Existing evaluation frameworks typically report binary…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Zvi Topol

Ideal or real - that is the question.In this work, we explore whether principles from game theory can be effectively applied to the evaluation of large language models (LLMs). This inquiry is motivated by the growing inadequacy of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Gao Yang , Yuhang Liu , Siyu Miao , Xinyue Liang , Zhengyang Liu , Heyan Huang

The increasing deployment of large language models (LLMs) in safety-critical applications raises fundamental challenges in systematically evaluating robustness against adversarial behaviors. Existing red-teaming practices are largely manual…

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) show impressive vision-language benchmark performance, yet growing concerns about data contamination (test set exposure during training) risk masking true generalization. This concern extends to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Ming Liu , Wensheng Zhang

Reinforcement learning (RL) has achieved remarkable success in fields like robotics and autonomous driving, but adversarial attacks designed to mislead RL systems remain challenging. Existing approaches often rely on modifying the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Junyong Jiang , Buwei Tian , Chenxing Xu , Songze Li , Lu Dong

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are pre-trained on ultra-large-scale corpora, the problem of data contamination is becoming increasingly serious, and there is a risk that static evaluation benchmarks overestimate the performance of LLMs. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Yang Fan

The rapid integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into software engineering practice is reshaping how software testing activities are performed. LLMs are increasingly used to support software testing. Consequently, software testing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Peng Yang , Yunfeng Zhu , Chao Chang , Shengcheng Yu , Zhenyu Chen , Yong Tang

Existing evaluation of Large Language Models (LLMs) on static benchmarks is vulnerable to data contamination and leaderboard overfitting, critical issues that obscure true model capabilities. To address this, we introduce LLMEval-Fair, a…

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities across diverse applications. However, concerns regarding their security, particularly the vulnerability to jailbreak attacks, persist. Drawing inspiration from adversarial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Yujun Zhou , Yufei Han , Haomin Zhuang , Kehan Guo , Zhenwen Liang , Hongyan Bao , Xiangliang Zhang

The rapid evolution of large language models (LLMs) holds promise for reforming the methodology of spatio-temporal data mining. However, current works for evaluating the spatio-temporal understanding capability of LLMs are somewhat limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Wenbin Li , Di Yao , Ruibo Zhao , Wenjie Chen , Zijie Xu , Chengxue Luo , Chang Gong , Quanliang Jing , Haining Tan , Jingping Bi

Strategic decision-making involves interactive reasoning where agents adapt their choices in response to others, yet existing evaluations of large language models (LLMs) often emphasize Nash Equilibrium (NE) approximation, overlooking the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Jingru Jia , Zehua Yuan , Junhao Pan , Paul E. McNamara , Deming Chen

Strategic social deduction games serve as valuable testbeds for evaluating the understanding and inference skills of language models, offering crucial insights into social science, artificial intelligence, and strategic gaming. This paper…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Yizhou Chi , Lingjun Mao , Zineng Tang

Large Language Models (\textbf{LLMs}), e.g. ChatGPT, have been widely adopted in real-world dialogue applications. However, LLMs' robustness, especially in handling long complex dialogue sessions, including frequent motivation transfer,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Chenghao Yang , Yinbo Luo , Zhoufutu Wen , Qi Chu , Tao Gong , Longxiang Liu , Kaiyuan Zhang , Jianpeng Jiao , Ge Zhang , Wenhao Huang , Nenghai Yu

Large Language Model (LLM) based judges form the underpinnings of key safety evaluation processes such as offline benchmarking, automated red-teaming, and online guardrailing. This widespread requirement raises the crucial question: can we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Francisco Eiras , Eliott Zemour , Eric Lin , Vaikkunth Mugunthan