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Long-horizon tasks requiring multi-step reasoning and dynamic re-planning remain challenging for large language models (LLMs). Sequential prompting methods are prone to context drift, loss of goal information, and recurrent failure cycles,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Zhenyu Zhang , Tianyi Chen , Weiran Xu , Alex Pentland , Jiaxin Pei

It is evident that the current state of Large Language Models (LLMs) necessitates the incorporation of external tools. The lack of straightforward algebraic and logical reasoning is well documented and prompted researchers to develop…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Eren Unlu

The evolution of large language models (LLMs) has enhanced the planning capabilities of language agents in diverse real-world scenarios. Despite these advancements, the potential of LLM-powered agents to comprehend ambiguous user…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Xuan Zhang , Yang Deng , Zifeng Ren , See-Kiong Ng , Tat-Seng Chua

The recent advancement of autonomous agents powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) has demonstrated significant potential for automating tasks on mobile devices through graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Despite initial progress, these…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Yi Kong , Dianxi Shi , Guoli Yang , Zhang ke-di , Chenlin Huang , Xiaopeng Li , Songchang Jin

While agent evaluation has shifted toward long-horizon tasks, most benchmarks still emphasize local, step-level reasoning rather than the global constrained optimization (e.g., time and financial budgets) that demands genuine planning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Yinger Zhang , Shutong Jiang , Renhao Li , Jianhong Tu , Yang Su , Lianghao Deng , Xudong Guo , Chenxu Lv , Junyang Lin

Recent large language models (LLMs) are promising for making decisions in grounded environments. However, LLMs frequently fail in complex decision-making tasks due to the misalignment between the pre-trained knowledge in LLMs and the actual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Siqi Ouyang , Lei Li

Training large language models (LLMs) to reason via reinforcement learning (RL) significantly improves their problem-solving capabilities. In agentic settings, existing methods like ReAct prompt LLMs to explicitly plan before every action;…

Despite the remarkable success of large language models (LLMs) on traditional natural language processing tasks, their planning ability remains a critical bottleneck in tackling complex multi-step reasoning tasks. Existing approaches mainly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Jiaxin Wen , Jian Guan , Hongning Wang , Wei Wu , Minlie Huang

This paper studies close-loop task planning, which refers to the process of generating a sequence of skills (a plan) to accomplish a specific goal while adapting the plan based on real-time observations. Recently, prompting Large Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Mengkang Hu , Yao Mu , Xinmiao Yu , Mingyu Ding , Shiguang Wu , Wenqi Shao , Qiguang Chen , Bin Wang , Yu Qiao , Ping Luo

Large language model (LLM)-based agents have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in decision-making tasks, but struggle significantly with complex, long-horizon planning scenarios. This arises from their lack of macroscopic guidance,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Ziyue Li , Yuan Chang , Gaihong Yu , Xiaoqiu Le

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across a wide range of language tasks, yet complex multi-step reasoning remains a fundamental challenge. While Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) equipped with extended…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Guangfu Hao , Yuming Dai , Xianzhe Qin , Shan Yu

Despite recent advances, autonomous agents often struggle to solve complex tasks in enterprise domains that require coordinating multiple tools and processing diverse data sources. This struggle is driven by two main limitations. First,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Gianni Molinari , Fabio Ciravegna

Large language model (LLM)-based systems are becoming increasingly popular for solving tasks by constructing executable workflows that interleave LLM calls, information retrieval, tool use, code execution, memory updates, and verification.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Ling Yue , Kushal Raj Bhandari , Ching-Yun Ko , Dhaval Patel , Shuxin Lin , Nianjun Zhou , Jianxi Gao , Pin-Yu Chen , Shaowu Pan

Recently, decomposing complex problems into simple subtasks--a crucial part of human-like natural planning--to solve the given problem has significantly boosted the performance of large language models (LLMs). However, leveraging such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Mihir Parmar , Palash Goyal , Xin Liu , Yiwen Song , Mingyang Ling , Chitta Baral , Hamid Palangi , Tomas Pfister

Multi-agent systems (MAS) have shown great potential in executing complex tasks, but coordination and safety remain significant challenges. Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) offers a promising framework for agent collaboration, but…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Ziqi Jia , Junjie Li , Xiaoyang Qu , Jianzong Wang

In the past year, large language models (LLMs) have had remarkable success in domains outside the traditional natural language processing, and their capacity is further expanded into the so-called LLM agents when connected with external…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Weizhe Chen , Sven Koenig , Bistra Dilkina

Code generation models based on large language models (LLMs) have gained wide adoption, but challenges remain in ensuring safety, accuracy, and controllability, especially for complex tasks. Existing methods often lack dynamic integration…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Aofan Liu , Haoxuan Li , Bin Wang , Ao Yang , Hui Li

Humans solve problems by executing targeted plans, yet large language models (LLMs) remain unreliable for structured workflow execution. We propose RunAgent, a multi-agent plan execution platform that interprets natural-language plans while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Arunabh Srivastava , Mohammad A. , Khojastepour , Srimat Chakradhar , Sennur Ulukus

In the field of urban planning, general-purpose large language models often struggle to meet the specific needs of planners. Tasks like generating urban planning texts, retrieving related information, and evaluating planning documents pose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-01 He Zhu , Wenjia Zhang , Nuoxian Huang , Boyang Li , Luyao Niu , Zipei Fan , Tianle Lun , Yicheng Tao , Junyou Su , Zhaoya Gong , Chenyu Fang , Xing Liu

Augmenting large language models (LLMs) with external tools is a promising avenue for developing high-performance mathematical reasoning systems. Prior tool-augmented approaches typically finetune an LLM to select and invoke a single tool…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Bohan Yao , Vikas Yadav