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As ChatGPT and GPT-4 spearhead the development of Large Language Models (LLMs), more researchers are investigating their performance across various tasks. But more research needs to be done on the interpretability capabilities of LLMs, that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Dongfang Li , Jindi Yu , Baotian Hu , Zhenran Xu , Min Zhang

Artificial intelligence is increasingly catalyzing scientific automation, with multimodal large language model (MLLM) agents evolving from lab assistants into self-driving lab operators. This transition imposes stringent safety requirements…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Qianpu Sun , Xiaowei Chi , Yuhan Rui , Ying Li , Kuangzhi Ge , Jiajun Li , Sirui Han , Shanghang Zhang

This paper analyses the contribution of language metrics and, potentially, of linguistic structures, to classify French learners of English according to levels of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFRL). The purpose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-29 Taylor Arnold , Nicolas Ballier , Thomas Gaillat , Paula Lissòn

Large Language Models are versatile, general-purpose tools with a wide range of applications. Recently, the advent of "reasoning models" has led to substantial improvements in their abilities in advanced problem-solving domains such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Nicholas T. Runcie , Charlotte M. Deane , Fergus Imrie

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly transformed our daily life and established a new paradigm in natural language processing (NLP). However, the predominant pretraining of LLMs on extensive web-based texts remains insufficient…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2024-12-31 Yang Han , Ziping Wan , Lu Chen , Kai Yu , Xin Chen

Conflict scholars have used rule-based approaches to extract information about political violence from news reports and texts. Recent Natural Language Processing developments move beyond rigid rule-based approaches. We review our recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Patrick T. Brandt , Sultan Alsarra , Vito J. D`Orazio , Dagmar Heintze , Latifur Khan , Shreyas Meher , Javier Osorio , Marcus Sianan

Standard language model evaluations can fail to capture risks that emerge only at deployment scale. For example, a model may produce safe responses during a small-scale beta test, yet reveal dangerous information when processing billions of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Erik Jones , Meg Tong , Jesse Mu , Mohammed Mahfoud , Jan Leike , Roger Grosse , Jared Kaplan , William Fithian , Ethan Perez , Mrinank Sharma

Language modelling provides a step towards intelligent communication systems by harnessing large repositories of written human knowledge to better predict and understand the world. In this paper, we present an analysis of Transformer-based…

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing scientific research, yet its growing integration into laboratory environments presents critical safety challenges. Large language models (LLMs) and vision language models (VLMs) now assist in…

Large language models (LLMs) trained on massive corpora demonstrate impressive capabilities in a wide range of tasks. While there are ongoing efforts to adapt these models to languages beyond English, the attention given to their evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Guijin Son , Hanwool Lee , Suwan Kim , Huiseo Kim , Jaecheol Lee , Je Won Yeom , Jihyu Jung , Jung Woo Kim , Songseong Kim

Many studies have demonstrated that large language models (LLMs) can produce harmful responses, exposing users to unexpected risks when LLMs are deployed. Previous studies have proposed comprehensive taxonomies of the risks posed by LLMs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Yuxia Wang , Zenan Zhai , Haonan Li , Xudong Han , Lizhi Lin , Zhenxuan Zhang , Jingru Zhao , Preslav Nakov , Timothy Baldwin

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT, have gained significant attention due to their impressive natural language processing capabilities. It is crucial to prioritize human-centered principles when utilizing these models.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Yue Huang , Qihui Zhang , Philip S. Y , Lichao Sun

As language models are increasingly deployed as autonomous agents in high-stakes settings, ensuring that they reliably follow user-defined rules has become a critical safety concern. To this end, we study whether language models exhibit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Dylan Sam , Alexander Robey , Andy Zou , Matt Fredrikson , J. Zico Kolter

Recent advancements in large language models (LLM) capable of processing extremely long texts highlight the need for a dedicated evaluation benchmark to assess their long-context capabilities. However, existing methods, like the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Taewhoo Lee , Chanwoong Yoon , Kyochul Jang , Donghyeon Lee , Minju Song , Hyunjae Kim , Jaewoo Kang

Randomized controlled trials are a cornerstone of medicine and the social sciences as they enable reliable estimates of causal effects. However, they are costly and time-consuming to conduct, motivating interest in predicting causal effects…

Organic reaction mechanisms are the stepwise elementary reactions by which reactants form intermediates and products, and are fundamental to understanding chemical reactivity and designing new molecules and reactions. Although large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Ruiling Xu , Yifan Zhang , Qingyun Wang , Carl Edwards , Heng Ji

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in enterprise settings, controlling model behavior based on user roles becomes an essential requirement. Existing safety methods typically assume uniform access and focus on…

Large language models are increasingly being used in patient-facing medical question answering, where hallucinated outputs can vary widely in potential harm. However, existing hallucination standards and evaluation metrics focus primarily…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Savan Doshi

There is an intuitive analogy of an organic chemist's understanding of a compound and a language speaker's understanding of a word. Consequently, it is possible to introduce the basic concepts and analyze potential impacts of linguistic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-16 Philippe Schwaller , Theophile Gaudin , David Lanyi , Costas Bekas , Teodoro Laino

Large Language Models (LLMs) are transformative not only for daily activities but also for engineering tasks. However, current evaluations of LLMs in engineering exhibit two critical shortcomings: (i) the reliance on simplified use cases,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Rene Heesch , Sebastian Eilermann , Alexander Windmann , Alexander Diedrich , Philipp Rosenthal , Oliver Niggemann