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We propose a metalearning approach for learning gradient-based reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms. The idea is to evolve a differentiable loss function, such that an agent, which optimizes its policy to minimize this loss, will achieve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-01 Rein Houthooft , Richard Y. Chen , Phillip Isola , Bradly C. Stadie , Filip Wolski , Jonathan Ho , Pieter Abbeel

We present in this paper a new approach for polyphonic music transcription using evolution strategies (ES). Automatic music transcription is a complex process that still remains an open challenge. Using an audio signal to be transcribed as…

Sound · Computer Science 2013-04-04 Herve Kabamba Mbikayi

We present a new method of blackbox optimization via gradient approximation with the use of structured random orthogonal matrices, providing more accurate estimators than baselines and with provable theoretical guarantees. We show that this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-13 Krzysztof Choromanski , Mark Rowland , Vikas Sindhwani , Richard E. Turner , Adrian Weller

We propose a new method for training an agent via an evolutionary strategy (ES), in which we iteratively improve a set of samples to imitate: Starting with a random set, in every iteration we replace a subset of the samples with samples…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-09-18 Roy Eliya , J. Michael Herrmann

Alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs) typically relies on Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) with gradient-based optimizers such as Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) or Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO). While…

Evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) is an important solution concept in game theory which has been applied frequently to biological models. Informally an ESS is a strategy that if followed by the population cannot be taken over by a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-01-18 Sam Ganzfried

Deep Reinforcement Learning (Deep RL) and Evolutionary Algorithms (EA) are two major paradigms of policy optimization with distinct learning principles, i.e., gradient-based v.s. gradient-free. An appealing research direction is integrating…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-07-03 Jianye Hao , Pengyi Li , Hongyao Tang , Yan Zheng , Xian Fu , Zhaopeng Meng

Deep neuroevolution and deep reinforcement learning (deep RL) algorithms are two popular approaches to policy search. The former is widely applicable and rather stable, but suffers from low sample efficiency. By contrast, the latter is more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-12 Aloïs Pourchot , Olivier Sigaud

With the rapid development of quantum computers, several applications are being proposed for them. Quantum simulations, simulation of chemical reactions, solution of optimization problems and quantum neural networks (QNNs) are some…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-02 Lucas Friedrich , Jonas Maziero

Evolution Strategies (ES) are effective gradient-free optimization methods that can be competitive with gradient-based approaches for policy search. ES only rely on the total episodic scores of solutions in their population, from which they…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Paul Templier , Luca Grillotti , Emmanuel Rachelson , Dennis G. Wilson , Antoine Cully

Since the debut of Evolution Strategies (ES) as a tool for Reinforcement Learning by Salimans et al. 2017, there has been interest in determining the exact relationship between the Evolution Strategies gradient and the gradient of a similar…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-01-07 John C. Raisbeck , Matthew Allen , Ralph Weissleder , Hyungsoon Im , Hakho Lee

Reinforcement learning for control over continuous spaces typically uses high-entropy stochastic policies, such as Gaussian distributions, for local exploration and estimating policy gradient to optimize performance. Many robotic control…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Ya-Chien Chang , Sicun Gao

Reinforcement learning in discrete-continuous hybrid action spaces presents fundamental challenges for robotic manipulation, where high-level task decisions and low-level joint-space execution must be jointly optimized. Existing approaches…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Thanh-Tuan Tran , Thanh Nguyen Canh , Nak Young Chong , Xiem HoangVan

Deep reinforcement learning has achieved impressive success in control tasks. However, its policies, represented as opaque neural networks, are often difficult for humans to understand, verify, and debug, which undermines trust and hinders…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Qinglong Hu , Xialiang Tong , Mingxuan Yuan , Fei Liu , Zhichao Lu , Qingfu Zhang

In this paper, we try to improve exploration in Blackbox methods, particularly Evolution strategies (ES), when applied to Reinforcement Learning (RL) problems where intermediate waypoints/subgoals are available. Since Evolutionary…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Kiran Lekkala , Laurent Itti

We present a simple, sample-efficient algorithm for introducing large but directed learning steps in reinforcement learning (RL), through the use of evolutionary operators. The methodology uses a population of RL agents training with a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-15 Harshad Khadilkar

Evolution Strategies (ES) has recently emerged as a competitive alternative to reinforcement learning (RL) for large language model (LLM) fine-tuning, offering advantages through simplicity, scalability, and inference-only training.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Kajetan Schweighofer , Conor F. Hayes , Roberto Dailey , Risto Miikkulainen , Xin Qiu

Deep reinforcement learning has been able to solve various tasks successfully, however, due to the construction of policy gradient and training dynamics, tuning deep reinforcement learning models remains challenging. As one of the most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Hanyong Wang , Menglong Yang

This paper introduces an approach that integrates self-adaptive Evolution Strategies (ES) with Large Language Models (LLMs) to enhance the explainability of complex optimization processes. By employing a self-adaptive ES equipped with a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Jill Baumann , Oliver Kramer

In this paper, we study the use of robust model independent bounded extremum seeking (ES) feedback control to improve the robustness of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) controllers for a class of nonlinear time-varying systems. DRL has the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Shaifalee Saxena , Alan Williams , Rafael Fierro , Alexander Scheinker