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We derive exceedingly simple practical procedures revealing the quantum nature of states and measurements by the violation of classical upper bounds on the statistics of arbitrary measurements. Data analysis is minimum and definite…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-04-28 Ángel Rivas , Alfredo Luis

Locally-biased classical shadows allow rapid estimation of energies of quantum Hamiltonians. Recently, derandomised classical shadows have emerged claiming to be even more accurate. This accuracy comes at a cost of introducing classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-27 Charles Hadfield

We introduce a technique to estimate error-mitigated expectation values on noisy quantum computers. Our technique performs shadow tomography on a logical state to produce a memory-efficient classical reconstruction of the noisy density…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-15 Hong-Ye Hu , Ryan LaRose , Yi-Zhuang You , Eleanor Rieffel , Zhihui Wang

Efficiently estimating properties of large and strongly coupled quantum systems is a central focus in many-body physics and quantum information theory. While quantum computers promise speedups for many such tasks, near-term devices are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-28 Senrui Chen , Wenjun Yu , Pei Zeng , Steven T. Flammia

Shadow estimation is a recent protocol that allows estimating exponentially many expectation values of a quantum state from ``classical shadows'', obtained by applying random quantum circuits and computational basis measurements. In this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-27 Jonas Helsen , Michael Walter

We present shadow spectroscopy as a simulator-agnostic quantum algorithm for estimating energy gaps using very few circuit repetitions (shots) and no extra resources (ancilla qubits) beyond performing time evolution and measurements. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-10 Hans Hon Sang Chan , Richard Meister , Matthew L. Goh , Bálint Koczor

The bootstrap, based on resampling, has, for several decades, been a widely used method for computing confidence intervals for applications where no exact method is available and when sample sizes are not large enough to be able to rely on…

Applications · Statistics 2018-08-27 Chris Gotwalt , Li Xu , Yili Hong , William Q. Meeker

Shadow tomography via classical shadows is a state-of-the-art approach for estimating properties of a quantum state. We present a simplified, combinatorial analysis of a recently proposed instantiation of this approach based on the ensemble…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-01 Bryan O'Gorman

Improving the performance of quantum algorithms is a fundamental task to achieve quantum advantage. In many cases, extracting information from quantum systems poses an important challenge for practical implementations in real-world quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-28 Leticia Bertuzzi , João P. Engster , Evandro C. R. da Rosa , Eduardo I. Duzzioni

Bootstrap techniques (also called resampling computation techniques) have introduced new advances in modeling and model evaluation. Using resampling methods to construct a series of new samples which are based on the original data set,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2007-06-13 Riadh Kallel , Marie Cottrell , Vincent Vigneron

We introduce a variational scheme inspired by classical shadow tomography to compute ground state correlations of quantum spin Hamiltonians. Shadow tomography allows for efficient reconstruction of expectation values of arbitrary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-04 Pierre-Gabriel Rozon , Kartiek Agarwal

Classical shadows enable us to learn many properties of a quantum state $\rho$ with very few measurements. However, near-term and early fault-tolerant quantum computers will only be able to prepare noisy quantum states $\rho$ and it is thus…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-16 Hamza Jnane , Jonathan Steinberg , Zhenyu Cai , H. Chau Nguyen , Bálint Koczor

Shadow estimation is a method for deducing numerous properties of an unknown quantum state through a limited set of measurements, which suffers from noises in quantum devices. In this paper, we introduce an error-mitigated shadow estimation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-18 Ruyu Yang , Xiaoming Sun , Hongyi Zhou

Estimating expectation values is a key subroutine in quantum algorithms. Near-term implementations face two major challenges: a limited number of samples required to learn a large collection of observables, and the accumulation of errors in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-18 Andrew Zhao , Akimasa Miyake

We provide practical and powerful schemes for learning many properties of an unknown n-qubit quantum state using a sparing number of copies of the state. Specifically, we present a depth-modulated randomized measurement scheme that…

Properties of quantum systems can be estimated using classical shadows, which implement measurements based on random ensembles of unitaries. Originally derived for global Clifford unitaries and products of single-qubit Clifford gates,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-25 Mirko Arienzo , Markus Heinrich , Ingo Roth , Martin Kliesch

We propose a tomographic protocol for estimating any $ k $-body reduced density matrix ($ k $-RDM) of an $ n $-mode fermionic state, a ubiquitous step in near-term quantum algorithms for simulating many-body physics, chemistry, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-04 Andrew Zhao , Nicholas C. Rubin , Akimasa Miyake

Randomized measurement protocols, including classical shadows, entanglement tomography, and randomized benchmarking are powerful techniques to estimate observables, perform state tomography, or extract the entanglement properties of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-03 Jacob Bringewatt , Jonathan Kunjummen , Niklas Mueller

Gaussian boson sampling is a promising candidate for showing experimental quantum advantage. While there is evidence that noiseless Gaussian boson sampling is hard to efficiently simulate using a classical computer, the current Gaussian…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-24 Changhun Oh , Minzhao Liu , Yuri Alexeev , Bill Fefferman , Liang Jiang

The bootstrap is a popular data-driven method to quantify statistical uncertainty, but for modern high-dimensional problems, it could suffer from huge computational costs due to the need to repeatedly generate resamples and refit models. We…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-21 Henry Lam , Zhenyuan Liu