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With the rapid growth in the number of Large Language Models (LLMs), there has been a recent interest in LLM routing, or directing queries to the cheapest LLM that can deliver a suitable response. We conduct a minimax analysis of the…

Training data is the backbone of large language models (LLMs), yet today's data markets often operate under exploitative pricing -- sourcing data from marginalized groups with little pay or recognition. This paper introduces a theoretical…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Luyang Zhang , Cathy Jiao , Beibei Li , Chenyan Xiong

The SaaS paradigm has popularized the usage of pricings, allowing providers to offer customers a wide range of subscription possibilities. This creates a vast configuration space for users, enabling them to choose the features and support…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Alejandro Garcia-Fernández , José Antonio Parejo , Francisco Javier Cavero , Antonio Ruiz-Cortés

Pricing storage operation in the real-time market under demand and generation stochasticities is considered. A scenario-based stochastic rolling-window dispatch model is formulated for the real-time market, consisting of conventional…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-20 Cong Chen , Lang Tong

Nowadays, it has become feasible to use mobile nodes as contributing entities in computing systems. In this paper, we consider a computational grid in which the mobile devices can share their idle resources to realize parallel processing.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2015-03-20 Jiadi Chen , Qiang Zheng , Hang Long , Wenbo Wang

The problem of probabilistic forecasting and online simulation of real-time electricity market with stochastic generation and demand is considered. By exploiting the parametric structure of the direct current optimal power flow, a new…

Applications · Statistics 2016-06-28 Weisi Deng , Yuting Ji , Lang Tong

In this paper, we explore a novel combination of supervised learning and quadratic programming to refine dynamic pricing models in the car rental industry. We utilize dynamic modeling of price elasticity, informed by ordinary least squares…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-02-26 Gustavo Bramao , Ilia Tarygin

Modern Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)-backed services must satisfy strict latency service-level objectives (SLOs) while controlling spare-capacity cost. In multi-tenant GPU cloud platforms, this trade-off is inherently dynamic because…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Junji Yan , Asrin Efe Yorulmaz , Hanchen Zhou , Tamer Başar

We study the following fundamental data-driven pricing problem. How can/should a decision-maker price its product based on data at a single historical price? How valuable is such data? We consider a decision-maker who optimizes over…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-03-30 Amine Allouah , Achraf Bahamou , Omar Besbes

The proliferation of large language models (LLMs) with varying computational costs and performance profiles presents a critical challenge for scalable, cost-effective deployment in real-world applications. We introduce a unified routing…

Modern online large language model (LLM) services, such as Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) and agent systems, increasingly expose two prominent characteristics: prompt segmentation (e.g., system instructions, retrieved passages, tool…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xingyu Qu , Tianhao Lin , Yiqi Li , Zhiyu Chen , Sheng Wang

Test-time compute has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs). However, this strategy has in turn increased how much users pay cloud-based providers offering LLM-as-a-service, since…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Ander Artola Velasco , Dimitrios Rontogiannis , Stratis Tsirtsis , Manuel Gomez-Rodriguez

With the electrification of ride-hailing fleets, there will be a need to incentivize where and when the ride-hailing vehicles should charge. In this work, we assume that a central authority wants to control the distribution of the vehicles…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-08-28 Marko Maljkovic , Gustav Nilsson , Nikolas Geroliminis

Large Language Models (LLMs) have garnered considerable attention owing to their remarkable capabilities, leading to an increasing number of companies offering LLMs as services. Different LLMs achieve different performance at different…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Yueyue Liu , Hongyu Zhang , Yuantian Miao , Van-Hoang Le , Zhiqiang Li

We consider a dynamic pricing problem in network revenue management where customer behavior is predicted by a choice model, i.e., the multinomial logit (MNL) model. The problem, even in the static setting (i.e., customer demand remains…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-01-06 Qian Shao , Tien Mai , Shih-Fen Cheng

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across a wide range of industrial applications, from search and recommendation systems to generative tasks. Although scaling laws indicate that larger models generally…

We consider a profit maximization problem in an urban mobility on-demand service, of which the operator owns a fleet, provides both exclusive and shared trip services, and dynamically determines prices of offers. With knowledge of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-02-13 Han Qiu , Ruimin Li , Jinhua Zhao

The rapid advancement of LLMs sparked significant interest in their potential to augment or automate managerial functions. One of the most recent trends in AI benchmarking is performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) over longer time…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Berdymyrat Ovezmyradov

Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading is becoming central to modern distribution systems as rooftop PV and home energy management systems become pervasive, yet most existing market and reinforcement learning designs emphasize efficiency or…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-27 Shrenik Jadhav , Birva Sevak , Srijita Das , Akhtar Hussain , Wencong Su , Van-Hai Bui

Large language model (LLM) serving is becoming an increasingly critical workload for cloud providers. Existing LLM serving systems focus on interactive requests, such as chatbots and coding assistants, with tight latency SLO requirements.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Archit Patke , Dhemath Reddy , Saurabh Jha , Haoran Qiu , Christian Pinto , Chandra Narayanaswami , Zbigniew Kalbarczyk , Ravishankar Iyer