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In order to achieve fault-tolerant quantum computation, we need to repeat the following sequence of four steps: First, perform 1 or 2 qubit quantum gates (in parallel if possible). Second, do a syndrome measurement on a subset of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-11 Harry Buhrman , Marten Folkertsma , Bruno Loff , Niels M. P. Neumann

We describe a fault-tolerant version of the one-way quantum computer using a cluster state in three spatial dimensions. Topologically protected quantum gates are realized by choosing appropriate boundary conditions on the cluster. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-07-24 Robert Raussendorf , Jim Harrington , Kovid Goyal

Fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) is emerging as the architectural regime in which practical large-scale quantum workloads will execute. In this setting, however, multiprogramming is no longer a matter of partitioning a flat pool of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-30 Archisman Ghosh , Avimita Chatterjee , Swaroop Ghosh

Recent advances in quantum hardware are bringing fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) closer to reality. In the early stage of FTQC, however, the numbers of available logical qubits and high-fidelity $T$ gates remain limited, making it…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-04 Yuya O. Nakagawa , Yasunori Lee

Most existing quantum programming languages are based on the quantum circuit model of computation, as higher-level abstractions are particularly challenging to implement - especially ones relating to quantum control flow. The Qunity…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Mikhail Mints , Finn Voichick , Leonidas Lampropoulos , Robert Rand

Achieving scalable, fault-tolerant quantum computation requires quantum memory architectures that minimize error correction overhead while preserving coherence. This work presents a framework for high-dimensional qudit memory in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-06 William Boone Samuels

This paper discusses the compilation, optimization, and error mitigation of quantum algorithms, essential steps to execute real-world quantum algorithms. Quantum algorithms running on a hybrid platform with QPU and CPU/GPU take advantage of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-23 Shuangbao Paul Wang , Jianzhou Mao , Eric Sakk

A central ingredient in fault-tolerant quantum algorithms is the initialization of a logical state for a given quantum error-correcting code from a set of noisy qubits. A scheme that has demonstrated promising results for small code…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-19 Tom Peham , Ludwig Schmid , Lucas Berent , Markus Müller , Robert Wille

Fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC) critically depends on real-time classical decoding, which is rapidly emerging as a system bottleneck. As quantum systems scale, decoding latency and throughput limitations lead to exponential…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-07 Jiahan Chen , Chenghong Zhu , Ge Bai , Xin Wang

This is a comprehensive review on fault-tolerant topological quantum computation with the surface codes. The basic concepts and useful tools underlying fault-tolerant quantum computation, such as universal quantum computation, stabilizer…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-04-08 Keisuke Fujii

The ability to simulate a fermionic system on a quantum computer is expected to revolutionize chemical engineering, materials design, nuclear physics, to name a few. Thus, optimizing the simulation circuits is of significance in harnessing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-28 Qingfeng Wang , Ming Li , Christopher Monroe , Yunseong Nam

In this paper we extend both standard fault tolerance theory and Kitaev's model for quantum computation, combining them so as to yield quantitative results that reveal the interplay between the two. Our analysis establishes a methodology…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-07-03 Gerald Gilbert , Michael Hamrick , Yaakov S. Weinstein

A key challenge in fault-tolerant quantum computing is synthesising and optimising circuits in a noisy environment, as traditional techniques often fail to account for the effect of noise on circuits. In this work, we propose and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-02 Benjamin Rodatz , Boldizsár Poór , Aleks Kissinger

One of the most promising paths towards large scale fault tolerant quantum computation is the use of quantum error correcting stabilizer codes. Just like every other quantum circuit, these codes must be compiled to hardware in a way to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-07 Sahil Khan , Suhas Vittal , Kenneth Brown , Jonathan Baker

The hope of the quantum computing field is that quantum architectures are able to scale up and realize fault-tolerant quantum computing. Due to engineering challenges, such ''cheap'' error correction may be decades away. In the meantime, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-17 Rutuja Kshirsagar , Amara Katabarwa , Peter D. Johnson

Quantum computing has made tremendous improvements in both software and hardware that have sparked interest in academia and industry to realize quantum computing applications. To this end, several steps are necessary: The underlying problem…

Quantum error correction methods use processing power to combat noise. The noise level which can be tolerated in a fault-tolerant method is therefore a function of the computational resources available, especially the size of computer and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Andrew Steane

Quantum error correction and fault-tolerance have provided the possibility for large scale quantum computations without a detrimental loss of quantum information. A very natural class of gates for fault-tolerant quantum computation is the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-03-12 Tomas Jochym-O'Connor , Yafei Yu , Bassam Helou , Raymond Laflamme

Quantum computing promises to solve problems previously deemed infeasible. However, high error rates necessitate quantum error correction for practical applications. Seminal experiments with zoned neutral atom architectures have shown…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-03 Yannick Stade , Ludwig Schmid , Lukas Burgholzer , Robert Wille

Simulating the dynamics of electrons and other fermionic particles in quantum chemistry, materials science, and high-energy physics is one of the most promising applications of fault-tolerant quantum computers. However, the overhead in…