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Fourier neural operators (FNOs) are a recently introduced neural network architecture for learning solution operators of partial differential equations (PDEs), which have been shown to perform significantly better than comparable deep…

Fourier Neural Operators (FNOs) have proven to be an efficient and effective method for resolution-independent operator learning in a broad variety of application areas across scientific machine learning. A key reason for their success is…

Partial differential equations (PDEs) govern a wide variety of dynamical processes in science and engineering, yet obtaining their numerical solutions often requires high-resolution discretizations and repeated evaluations of complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Valentin Duruisseaux , Jean Kossaifi , Anima Anandkumar

Fourier neural operators (FNOs) provide a mesh-independent way to learn solution operators for partial differential equations, yet their efficacy for magnetized turbulence is largely unexplored. Here we train an FNO surrogate for the 2-D…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-07-03 Roberta Duarte , Rodrigo Nemmen , Reinaldo Santos-Lima

Fourier Neural Operators (FNOs) have been promoted as fast, mesh-invariant surrogates for partial-differential equation solvers, with seismic studies reporting orders-of-magnitude speedup over classical methods. We revisit those claims by…

Geophysics · Physics 2025-08-18 Dimitri Voytan , Litan Li

Fourier Neural Operators (FNOs) excel on tasks using functional data, such as those originating from partial differential equations. Such characteristics render them an effective approach for simulating the time evolution of quantum…

We propose the Factorized Fourier Neural Operator (F-FNO), a learning-based approach for simulating partial differential equations (PDEs). Starting from a recently proposed Fourier representation of flow fields, the F-FNO bridges the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Alasdair Tran , Alexander Mathews , Lexing Xie , Cheng Soon Ong

Neural Operators (NOs) are a leading method for surrogate modeling of partial differential equations. Unlike traditional neural networks, which approximate individual functions, NOs learn the mappings between function spaces. While NOs have…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-08-01 Keith Poletti , Stella S. R. Offner , Rachel A. Ward

Fourier Neural Operators (FNOs) have emerged as leading surrogates for solver operators for various functional problems, yet their stability, generalization and frequency behavior lack a principled explanation. We present a systematic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Taeyoung Kim

Solving cell problems in homogenization is hard, and available deep-learning frameworks fail to match the speed and generality of traditional computational frameworks. More to the point, it is generally unclear what to expect of…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Binh Huy Nguyen , Matti Schneider

Modeling high-frequency information is a critical challenge in scientific machine learning. For instance, fully turbulent flow simulations of the Navier-Stokes equations at Reynolds numbers 3500 and above can generate high-frequency signals…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Marimuthu Kalimuthu , David Holzmüller , Mathias Niepert

Time-periodic quantum systems exhibit a rich variety of far-from-equilibrium phenomena and serve as ideal platforms for quantum engineering and control. However, simulating their dynamics with conventional numerical methods remains…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-10 Zihao Qi , Yang Peng , Christopher Earls

Fourier Neural Operators (FNO) offer a principled approach to solving challenging partial differential equations (PDE) such as turbulent flows. At the core of FNO is a spectral layer that leverages a discretization-convergent representation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Robert Joseph George , Jiawei Zhao , Jean Kossaifi , Zongyi Li , Anima Anandkumar

Fourier neural operators (FNOs) can learn highly nonlinear mappings between function spaces, and have recently become a popular tool for learning responses of complex physical systems. However, to achieve good accuracy and efficiency, FNOs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Ning Liu , Siavash Jafarzadeh , Yue Yu

Spatio-temporal process models are often used for modeling dynamic physical and biological phenomena that evolve across space and time. These phenomena may exhibit environmental heterogeneity and complex interactions that are difficult to…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-06 Pratik Nag , Andrew Zammit-Mangion , Sumeetpal Singh , Noel Cressie

Neural operators are becoming the default tools to learn solutions to governing partial differential equations (PDEs) in weather and ocean forecasting applications. Despite early promising achievements, significant challenges remain,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Vahidreza Jahanmard , Ali Ramezani-Kebrya , Robinson Hordoir

We propose an extended Fourier neural operator (FNO) architecture for learning state and linear quadratic additive optimal control of systems governed by partial differential equations. Using the Ehrenpreis-Palamodov fundamental principle,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Zhexian Li , Ketan Savla

The UNet-enhanced Fourier Neural Operator (UFNO) extends the Fourier Neural Operator (FNO) by incorporating a parallel UNet pathway, enabling the retention of both high- and low-frequency components. While UFNO improves predictive accuracy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Alhasan Abdellatif , Hannah P. Menke , Florian Doster , Kamaljit Singh , Ahmed H. Elsheikh

In solving partial differential equations (PDEs), Fourier Neural Operators (FNOs) have exhibited notable effectiveness. However, FNO is observed to be ineffective with large Fourier kernels that parameterize more frequencies. Current…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Shaoxiang Qin , Fuyuan Lyu , Wenhui Peng , Dingyang Geng , Ju Wang , Xing Tang , Sylvie Leroyer , Naiping Gao , Xue Liu , Liangzhu Leon Wang

This paper introduces an operator-based neural network, the mirror-padded Fourier neural operator (MFNO), designed to learn the dynamics of stochastic systems. MFNO extends the standard Fourier neural operator (FNO) by incorporating mirror…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Wonjae Lee , Taeyoung Kim , Hyungbin Park
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