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Neuro-symbolic systems (NeSy), which claim to combine the best of both learning and reasoning capabilities of artificial intelligence, are missing a core property of reasoning systems: Declarativeness. The lack of declarativeness is caused…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Tilman Hinnerichs , Robin Manhaeve , Giuseppe Marra , Sebastijan Dumancic

Data-driven methods such as reinforcement and imitation learning have achieved remarkable success in robot autonomy. However, their data-centric nature still hinders them from generalizing well to ever-changing environments. Moreover,…

LLMs have demonstrated highly effective learning, human-like response generation,and decision-making capabilities in high-risk sectors. However, these models remain black boxes because they struggle to ensure transparency in responses. The…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Maneeha Rani , Bhupesh Kumar Mishra , Dhavalkumar Thakker

Neurosymbolic integration (NeSy) blends neural-network learning with symbolic reasoning. The field can be split between methods injecting hand-crafted rules into neural models, and methods inducing symbolic rules from data. We introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Davide Bizzaro , Alessandro Daniele

Probabilistic neurosymbolic learning seeks to integrate neural networks with symbolic programming. Many state-of-the-art systems rely on a reduction to the Probabilistic Weighted Model Counting Problem (PWMC), which requires computing a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Thomas Jean-Michel Valentin , Luisa Sophie Werner , Pierre Genevès , Nabil Layaïda

Neuro-symbolic artificial intelligence (NSAI) represents a transformative approach in artificial intelligence (AI) by combining deep learning's ability to handle large-scale and unstructured data with the structured reasoning of symbolic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Oualid Bougzime , Samir Jabbar , Christophe Cruz , Frédéric Demoly

The field of Neural-Symbolic (NeSy) systems is growing rapidly. Proposed approaches show great promise in achieving symbiotic unions of neural and symbolic methods. However, a unifying framework is needed to organize common NeSy modeling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Charles Dickens , Connor Pryor , Changyu Gao , Alon Albalak , Eriq Augustine , William Wang , Stephen Wright , Lise Getoor

The goal of combining the robustness of neural networks and the expressivity of symbolic methods has rekindled the interest in neuro-symbolic AI. Recent advancements in neuro-symbolic AI often consider specifically-tailored architectures…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-24 Arseny Skryagin , Wolfgang Stammer , Daniel Ochs , Devendra Singh Dhami , Kristian Kersting

Dialog Structure Induction (DSI) is the task of inferring the latent dialog structure (i.e., a set of dialog states and their temporal transitions) of a given goal-oriented dialog. It is a critical component for modern dialog system design…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Connor Pryor , Quan Yuan , Jeremiah Liu , Mehran Kazemi , Deepak Ramachandran , Tania Bedrax-Weiss , Lise Getoor

A large class of Neural-Symbolic (NeSy) methods employs a machine learner to process the input entities, while relying on a reasoner based on First-Order Logic to represent and process more complex relationships among the entities. A…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Rodrigo Castellano Ontiveros , Francesco Giannini , Marco Gori , Giuseppe Marra , Michelangelo Diligenti

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promising results across various tasks, yet their reasoning capabilities remain a fundamental challenge. Developing AI systems with strong reasoning capabilities is regarded as a crucial milestone in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Xiao-Wen Yang , Jie-Jing Shao , Lan-Zhe Guo , Bo-Wen Zhang , Zhi Zhou , Lin-Han Jia , Wang-Zhou Dai , Yu-Feng Li

Neurosymbolic (NeSy) AI has emerged as a promising direction to integrate neural and symbolic reasoning. Unfortunately, little effort has been given to developing NeSy systems tailored to sequential/temporal problems. We identify symbolic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Nikolaos Manginas , George Paliouras , Luc De Raedt

Remote sensing underpins crucial applications such as disaster relief and ecological field surveys, where systems must understand complex scenes and constraints and make reliable decisions. Current remote-sensing benchmarks mainly focus on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Ming Yang , Zhi Zhou , Shi-Yu Tian , Kun-Yang Yu , Lan-Zhe Guo , Yu-Feng Li

The latest Deep Learning (DL) models for detection and classification have achieved an unprecedented performance over classical machine learning algorithms. However, DL models are black-box methods hard to debug, interpret, and certify. DL…

Despite their linguistic competence, Large Language Models (LLMs) often struggle to reason reliably and flexibly. To identify these shortcomings, we introduce the Non-Linear Reasoning (NLR) dataset, a collection of 55 unique, hand-designed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Nasim Borazjanizadeh , Steven T. Piantadosi

Neurosymbolic (NeSy) predictors combine neural perception with symbolic reasoning to solve tasks like visual reasoning. However, standard NeSy predictors assume conditional independence between the symbols they extract, thus limiting their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Emile van Krieken , Pasquale Minervini , Edoardo Ponti , Antonio Vergari

Neuro-Symbolic (NeSy) AI could be regarded as an analogy to human dual-process cognition, modeling the intuitive System 1 with neural networks and the algorithmic System 2 with symbolic reasoning. However, for complex learning targets, NeSy…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Wen-Chao Hu , Wang-Zhou Dai , Yuan Jiang , Zhi-Hua Zhou

Deep learning has become the dominant approach for creating high capacity, scalable models across diverse data modalities. However, because these models rely on a large number of learned parameters, tightly couple feature extraction with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Adam Gould , Francesca Toni

The field of neuro-symbolic artificial intelligence (NeSy), which combines learning and reasoning, has recently experienced significant growth. There now are a wide variety of NeSy frameworks, each with its own specific language for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Emile van Krieken , Samy Badreddine , Robin Manhaeve , Eleonora Giunchiglia

Neurosymbolic AI (NSAI) has recently emerged to mitigate limitations associated with deep learning (DL) models, e.g. quantifying their uncertainty or reason with explicit rules. Hence, TinyML hardware will need to support these symbolic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Jelin Leslin , Martin Trapp , Martin Andraud