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Gravitational waves (GWs) can be distorted by intervening mass distributions while propagating, leading to frequency-dependent modulations that imprint a distinct signature on the observed waveforms. Bayesian inference for GW lensing with…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-15 Juno C. L. Chan , Lorena Magaña Zertuche , Jose María Ezquiaga , Rico K. L. Lo , Luka Vujeva , Joey Bowman

Gravitational waves (GWs) are unique messengers as they travel through the Universe without alteration except for gravitational lensing. Their long wavelengths make them susceptible to diffraction by cosmic structures, providing an…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-03-12 Juno C. L. Chan , Jose María Ezquiaga , Rico K. L. Lo , Joey Bowman , Lorena Magaña Zertuche , Luka Vujeva

Microlensing imprints by typical stellar mass lenses on gravitational waves are challenging to identify in the LIGO and Virgo frequency band because such effects are weak. However, stellar mass lenses are generally embedded in lens galaxies…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-12-01 Eungwang Seo , Otto A. Hannuksela , Tjonnie G. F. Li

When gravitational waves pass near a gravitating object, they are deflected, or lensed. If the object is massive, such that the wavelength of the waves is small compared to its gravitational size, lensed gravitational wave events can be…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-03-22 Mark Ho-Yeuk Cheung , Ken K. Y. Ng , Miguel Zumalacárregui , Emanuele Berti

Gravitational waves (GWs) can be deflected, similarly to electromagnetic (EM) waves, by massive objects through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing. The importance of gravitational lensing for GW astronomy is becoming increasingly…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-04-08 Eungwang Seo , Tjonnie Guan Feng Li , Martin Anthony Hendry

With increasing sensitivities of the current ground-based gravitational-wave (GW) detectors, the prospects of detecting a strongly lensed GW signal are going to be high in the coming years. When such a signal passes through an intervening…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2021-10-13 Anuj Mishra , Ashish Kumar Meena , Anupreeta More , Sukanta Bose , J S Bagla

Similar to light, gravitational waves (GWs) can be lensed. Such lensing phenomena can magnify the waves, create multiple images observable as repeated events, and superpose several waveforms together, inducing potentially discernible…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-07-19 Kyungmin Kim , Joongoo Lee , Robin S. H. Yuen , Otto Akseli Hannuksela , Tjonnie G. F. Li

Strong gravitational lensing of gravitational waves (GWs) occurs when the GWs from a compact binary system travel near a massive object. The mismatch between a lensed signal and unlensed templates determines whether lensing can be…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-05-24 Saif Ali , Evangelos Stoikos , Evan Meade , Michael Kesden , Lindsay King

Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo could observe the first lensed gravitational waves in the coming years, while the future Einstein Telescope could observe hundreds of lensed events. Ground-based gravitational-wave detectors can resolve…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2020-11-25 Giulia Pagano , Otto A. Hannuksela , Tjonnie G. F. Li

The increase in gravitational wave (GW) events has allowed receiving strong lensing image pairs of GWs. However, the wave effect (diffraction and interference) due to the microlens field contaminates the parameter estimation of the image…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-12-24 Xikai Shan , Guoliang Li , Xuechun Chen , Wenwen Zheng , Wen Zhao

Gravitational wave (GW) astronomy offers the potential to probe the wave-optics regime of gravitational lensing. Wave optics (WO) effects are relevant at low frequencies, when the wavelength is comparable to the characteristic lensing time…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-09-06 Giovanni Tambalo , Miguel Zumalacárregui , Liang Dai , Mark Ho-Yeuk Cheung

When gravitational waves (GWs) propagate near massive objects, they undergo gravitational lensing that imprints lens model dependent modulations on the waveform. This effect provides a powerful tool for cosmological and astrophysical…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-12 Zheng Qin , Tian-Yang Sun , Bo-Yuan Li , Jing-Fei Zhang , Xiao Guo , Xin Zhang

The strongly lensed gravitational wave (SLGW) is a promising transient phenomenon. However, the long-wave nature of gravitational waves poses a significant challenge in identification of its host galaxy. To tackle this challenge, we propose…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-05-08 Xikai Shan , Bin Hu , Xuechun Chen , Rong-Gen Cai

We demonstrate unprecedented accuracy for rapid gravitational-wave parameter estimation with deep learning. Using neural networks as surrogates for Bayesian posterior distributions, we analyze eight gravitational-wave events from the first…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-05-31 Maximilian Dax , Stephen R. Green , Jonathan Gair , Jakob H. Macke , Alessandra Buonanno , Bernhard Schölkopf

Deep learning techniques for gravitational-wave parameter estimation have emerged as a fast alternative to standard samplers $\unicode{x2013}$ producing results of comparable accuracy. These approaches (e.g., DINGO) enable amortized…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-05-10 Jonas Wildberger , Maximilian Dax , Stephen R. Green , Jonathan Gair , Michael Pürrer , Jakob H. Macke , Alessandra Buonanno , Bernhard Schölkopf

A small fraction of the gravitational-wave (GW) signals from binary black holes observable by ground-based detectors will be strongly lensed by intervening objects such as galaxies and clusters. Strong lensing will produce nearly identical…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-12-03 A. Barsode , S. Goyal , P. Ajith

Identifying strong lensing gravitational wave (SLGW) events is of utmost importance in astrophysics as we approach the historic first detection of SLGW amidst the growing number of gravitational wave (GW) events. Currently, one crucial…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-12-24 Xikai Shan , Xuechun Chen , Bin Hu , Guoliang Li

Since the first detection of gravitational waves in 2015, gravitational-wave astronomy has emerged as a rapidly advancing field that holds great potential for studying the cosmos, from probing the properties of black holes to testing the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-05-17 Anna Liu , Isaac C. F. Wong , Samson H. W. Leong , Anupreeta More , Otto A. Hannuksela , Tjonnie G. F. Li

With the increase in the number of observed gravitational wave (GW) signals, detecting strongly lensed GWs by galaxies has become a real possibility. Lens galaxies also contain microlenses (e.g., stars and black holes), introducing further…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2022-10-05 Ashish Kumar Meena , Anuj Mishra , Anupreeta More , Sukanta Bose , Jasjeet Singh Bagla

As the number of detected gravitational wave sources increase with increasing sensitivity of the gravitational wave observatories, observing strongly lensed pair of events will become a real possibility. Lensed GW events will have very…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2022-06-29 Anupreeta More , Surhud More
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