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Process Reward Models (PRMs) have shown promise in enhancing the mathematical reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) through Test-Time Scaling (TTS). However, their integration into multimodal reasoning remains largely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Ruilin Luo , Zhuofan Zheng , Yifan Wang , Xinzhe Ni , Zicheng Lin , Songtao Jiang , Yiyao Yu , Chufan Shi , Lei Wang , Ruihang Chu , Jin Zeng , Yujiu Yang

Reinforcement Learning (RL) serves as a potent paradigm for enhancing reasoning capabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs), yet standard outcome-based approaches often suffer from reward sparsity and inefficient credit assignment. In this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Xiangwei Wang , Wei Wang , Ken Chen , Nanduni Nimalsiri , Saman Halgamuge

Process Reward Models (PRMs) provide step-level supervision that improves the reliability of reasoning in large language models. While PRMs have been extensively studied in text-based domains, their extension to Vision Language Models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Brandon Ong , Tej Deep Pala , Vernon Toh , William Chandra Tjhi , Soujanya Poria

Process Reward Models (PRMs) are crucial for guiding Large Language Models (LLMs) in complex scenarios by providing dense reward signals. However, existing PRMs primarily rely on heuristic approaches, which struggle with cross-domain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Zhangyue Yin , Qiushi Sun , Zhiyuan Zeng , Qinyuan Cheng , Xipeng Qiu , Xuanjing Huang

Reinforcement learning (RL) with unit test feedback has enhanced large language models' (LLMs) code generation, but relies on sparse rewards provided only after complete code evaluation, limiting learning efficiency and incremental…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Ning Dai , Zheng Wu , Renjie Zheng , Ziyun Wei , Wenlei Shi , Xing Jin , Guanlin Liu , Chen Dun , Liang Huang , Lin Yan

Large Language Models (LLMs) face challenges in knowledge-intensive reasoning tasks like classic multi-hop question and answering, which involves reasoning across multiple facts. This difficulty arises because the chain of thoughts (CoTs)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Nan Wang , Yongqi Fan , yansha zhu , ZongYu Wang , Xuezhi Cao , Xinyan He , Haiyun Jiang , Tong Ruan , Jingping Liu

Multi-step reasoning improves the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) but increases the risk of errors propagating through intermediate steps. Process reward models (PRMs) mitigate this by scoring each step individually, enabling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Corentin Royer , Debarun Bhattacharjya , Gaetano Rossiello , Andrea Giovannini , Mennatallah El-Assady

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a promising paradigm for optimizing Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) in complex reasoning tasks. However, traditional outcome-based RL approaches often suffer from reward sparsity and inefficient…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Zhao Wang , Ziliang Zhao , Zhicheng Dou

Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation (GraphRAG) has shown great effectiveness in enhancing the reasoning abilities of LLMs by leveraging graph structures for knowledge representation and modeling complex real-world relationships. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Chuanyue Yu , Kuo Zhao , Yuhan Li , Heng Chang , Mingjian Feng , Xiangzhe Jiang , Yufei Sun , Jia Li , Yuzhi Zhang , Jianxin Li , Ziwei Zhang

Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) has become a powerful post-training paradigm for aligning large language models with human preferences. A core challenge in RLHF is constructing accurate reward signals, where the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Ilgee Hong , Changlong Yu , Liang Qiu , Weixiang Yan , Zhenghao Xu , Haoming Jiang , Qingru Zhang , Qin Lu , Xin Liu , Chao Zhang , Tuo Zhao

In this paper, we observe that current models are susceptible to reward hacking, leading to a substantial overestimation of a model's reasoning ability. This is evidenced by a high incidence of false positives-solutions that reach the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Youliang Yuan , Qiuyang Mang , Jingbang Chen , Hong Wan , Xiaoyuan Liu , Junjielong Xu , Jen-tse Huang , Wenxuan Wang , Wenxiang Jiao , Pinjia He

Recent work on reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has shown that large language models (LLMs) can be substantially improved using outcome-level verification signals, such as unit tests for code or exact-match checks for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Massimiliano Pronesti , Anya Belz , Yufang Hou

The Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) algorithm has demonstrated considerable success in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs), as evidenced by DeepSeek-R1. However, the absence of intermediate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Fei Ding , Baiqiao Wang , Zijian Zeng , Youwei Wang

Modern systems for multi-hop question answering (QA) typically break questions into a sequence of reasoning steps, termed chain-of-thought (CoT), before arriving at a final answer. Often, multiple chains are sampled and aggregated through a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Ori Yoran , Tomer Wolfson , Ben Bogin , Uri Katz , Daniel Deutch , Jonathan Berant

Process reward models (PRMs) provide more nuanced supervision compared to outcome reward models (ORMs) for optimizing policy models, positioning them as a promising approach to enhancing the capabilities of LLMs in complex reasoning tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Hongzhan Chen , Tao Yang , Shiping Gao , Ruijun Chen , Xiaojun Quan , Hongtao Tian , Ting Yao

Process reward models (PRMs) allow for fine-grained credit assignment in reinforcement learning (RL), and seemingly contrast with outcome reward models (ORMs), which assign a single reward to an entire trajectory. However, we provide…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Michael Sullivan , Alexander Koller

Process Reward Models (PRMs) are a powerful mechanism for steering large language model reasoning by providing fine-grained, step-level supervision. However, this effectiveness comes at a significant cost: PRMs require expert annotations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Artyom Gadetsky , Maxim Kodryan , Siba Smarak Panigrahi , Hang Guo , Maria Brbic

Recent large language model (LLM) reasoning, despite its success, suffers from limited domain knowledge, susceptibility to hallucinations, and constrained reasoning depth, particularly in small-scale models deployed in resource-constrained…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Wenjie Wu , Yongcheng Jing , Yingjie Wang , Wenbin Hu , Dacheng Tao

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at intuitive, implicit reasoning. Guiding LLMs to construct thought chains can enhance their deliberate reasoning abilities, but also faces challenges such as hallucination. Knowledge Graphs (KGs) can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Guangyi Liu , Yongqi Zhang , Yong Li , Quanming Yao

Looped Language Models (LoopLMs) perform multi-step latent reasoning prior to token generation and outperform conventional LLMs on reasoning benchmarks at smaller parameter budgets. However, attempts to further improve LoopLM reasoning with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Jonathan Williams , Esin Tureci