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Oscillatory behaviors are ubiquitous in nature and the human society. However, most previous works fail to reproduce them in the two-strategy game-theoretical models. Here we show that oscillatory behaviors naturally emerge if incomplete…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2023-06-27 Jing Zhang , Zhao Li , Jiqiang Zhang , Lin Ma , Guozhong Zheng , Li Chen

This work considers a novel information design problem and studies how the craft of payoff-relevant environmental signals solely can influence the behaviors of intelligent agents. The agents' strategic interactions are captured by an…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-02-16 Tao Zhang , Quanyan Zhu

We study the problem of optimally investing in nodes of a social network in a competitive setting, wherein two camps aim to drive the average opinion of the population in their own favor. Using a well-established model of opinion dynamics,…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2018-08-13 Swapnil Dhamal , Walid Ben-Ameur , Tijani Chahed , Eitan Altman

In a Stackelberg game, a leader commits to a randomized strategy, and a follower chooses their best strategy in response. We consider an extension of a standard Stackelberg game, called a discrete-time dynamic Stackelberg game, that has an…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-02-11 Niklas Lauffer , Mahsa Ghasemi , Abolfazl Hashemi , Yagiz Savas , Ufuk Topcu

Algorithms are used to aid human decision makers by making predictions and recommending decisions. Currently, these algorithms are trained to optimize prediction accuracy. What if they were optimized to control final decisions? In this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Ruqing Xu , Sarah Dean

We present a new solution concept called evolutionarily stable Stackelberg equilibrium (SESS). We study the Stackelberg evolutionary game setting in which there is a single leading player and a symmetric population of followers. The leader…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Sam Ganzfried

Organisms and ecological groups accumulate evidence to make decisions. Classic experiments and theoretical studies have explored this process when the correct choice is fixed during each trial. However, we live in a constantly changing…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2015-10-01 Alan Veliz-Cuba , Zachary P. Kilpatrick , Kresimir Josic

The trade-off between labeled data availability and downstream accuracy remains a central challenge in fine-tuning large language models (LLMs). We propose a principled framework for \emph{budget-aware supervised fine-tuning} by casting LLM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jing Wang , Jie Shen , Dean Foster , Zohar Karnin , Jeremy C Weiss

ML-based predictions are used to inform consequential decisions about individuals. How should we use predictions (e.g., risk of heart attack) to inform downstream binary classification decisions (e.g., undergoing a medical procedure)? When…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-21 Guy N. Rothblum , Gal Yona

Quantifying uncertainties in collective human behavior and decision making is crucial for ensuring public health and safety, enabling effective disaster response, informing the design of transportation and communication networks, and…

Physics and Society · Physics 2016-12-02 Kimberly J. Schlesinger , Chantal Nguyen , Imtiaz Ali , Jean M. Carlson

This paper proposes and studies a class of discrete-time finite-time-horizon Stackelberg mean-field games, with one leader and an infinite number of identical and indistinguishable followers. In this game, the objective of the leader is to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-10-11 Xin Guo , Anran Hu , Jiacheng Zhang

We consider a variation on the classical finance problem of optimal portfolio design. In our setting, a large population of consumers is drawn from some distribution over risk tolerances, and each consumer must be assigned to a portfolio of…

We study competition among contests in a general model that allows for an arbitrary and heterogeneous space of contest design, where the goal of the contest designers is to maximize the contestants' sum of efforts. Our main result shows…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-07-29 Xiaotie Deng , Yotam Gafni , Ron Lavi , Tao Lin , Hongyi Ling

Game theory is widely used as a behavioral model for strategic interactions in biology and social science. It is common practice to assume that players quickly converge to an equilibrium, e.g. a Nash equilibrium. This can be studied in…

Physics and Society · Physics 2018-09-20 Marco Pangallo , Torsten Heinrich , J Doyne Farmer

Herding, where investors imitate others' decisions rather than relying on their own analysis, is a prevalent phenomenon in financial markets. Excessive herding distorts rational decisions, amplifies volatility, and can be exploited by…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2026-04-14 Huisheng Wang , H. Vicky Zhao

Current alignment pipelines presume a single, universal notion of desirable behavior. However, human preferences often diverge across users, contexts, and cultures. As a result, disagreement collapses into the majority signal and minority…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Daniel Halpern , Evi Micha , Ariel D. Procaccia , Itai Shapira

Information exchange systems differ in many ways, but all share a common vulnerability to selfish behavior and free-riding. In this paper, we build incentives schemes based on social norms. Social norms prescribe a social strategy for the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2012-11-13 Jie Xu , Mihaela van der Schaar

The Stag-hunt game is a prototype for social contracts. Adopting a new and better social contract is usually challenging because the current one is already widely adopted and stable due to deviants' sanctions. Thus, how does a population…

Physics and Society · Physics 2022-11-21 Alessandra F. Lütz , Marco Antonio Amaral , Ian Braga , Lucas Wardil

This paper studies multi-user communication systems with two groups of users: leaders which possess system information, and followers which have no system information using the formulation of Stackelberg games. In such games, the leaders…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2011-08-26 saeedeh parsaeefard , Mihaela van der Schaar , Ahmad R. Sharafat

Local decision rules are commonly understood to be more explainable, due to the local nature of the patterns involved. With numerical optimization methods such as gradient boosting, ensembles of local decision rules can gain good predictive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Xin Du , Subramanian Ramamoorthy , Wouter Duivesteijn , Jin Tian , Mykola Pechenizkiy