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We perform optimal-control-theory calculations to determine the minimum number of two-qubit CNOT gates needed to perform quantum state preparation and unitary operator synthesis for few-qubit systems. By considering all possible gate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-24 Sahel Ashhab , Naoki Yamamoto , Fumiki Yoshihara , Kouichi Semba

We present a dynamic learning paradigm for "programming" a general quantum computer. A learning algorithm is used to find the control parameters for a coupled qubit system, such that the system at an initial time evolves to a state in which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-08-12 E. C. Behrman , J. E. Steck , P. Kumar , K. A. Walsh

The realization of large-scale quantum computers requires not only quantum error correction (QEC) but also fault-tolerant operations to handle errors that propagate into harmful errors. Recently, flag-based protocols have been introduced…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-14 Remmy Zen , Jan Olle , Luis Colmenarez , Matteo Puviani , Markus Müller , Florian Marquardt

We propose a novel Reinforcement Learning (RL) method for optimizing quantum circuits using graph-theoretic simplification rules of ZX-diagrams. The agent, trained using the Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithm, employs Graph Neural…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-04 Jordi Riu , Jan Nogué , Gerard Vilaplana , Artur Garcia-Saez , Marta P. Estarellas

Measurement and estimation of parameters are essential for science and engineering, where one of the main quests is to find systematic schemes that can achieve high precision. While conventional schemes for quantum parameter estimation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-29 Han Xu , Junning Li , Liqiang Liu , Yu Wang , Haidong Yuan , Xin Wang

Quantum Computing (QC) stands to revolutionize computing, but is currently still limited. To develop and test quantum algorithms today, quantum circuits are often simulated on classical computers. Simulating a complex quantum circuit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-21 Eli A. Meirom , Haggai Maron , Shie Mannor , Gal Chechik

A significant hurdle in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era is identifying functional quantum circuits. These circuits must also adhere to the constraints imposed by current quantum hardware limitations. Variational quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-03 Akash Kundu

This paper presents novel methods for optimizing multi-controlled quantum gates, which naturally arise in high-level quantum programming. Our primary approach involves rewriting $U(2)$ gates as $SU(2)$ gates, utilizing one auxiliary qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-12 Evandro C. R. Rosa , Eduardo I. Duzzioni , Rafael de Santiago

We have devised an artificial intelligence algorithm with machine reinforcement learning (Q-learning) to construct remarkable entangled states with 4 qubits. This way, the algorithm is able to generate representative states for some of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-08 Sara Giordano , Miguel A. Martin-Delgado

Current quantum programming is dominated by low-level, circuit-centric approaches that limit the potential for compiler optimization. This work presents how a high-level programming construct provides compilers with the semantic information…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-29 Evandro C. R. Rosa , Jerusa Marchi , Eduardo I. Duzzioni , Rafael de Santiago

With the advent of real-world quantum computing, the idea that parametrized quantum computations can be used as hypothesis families in a quantum-classical machine learning system is gaining increasing traction. Such hybrid systems have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-10 Sofiene Jerbi , Casper Gyurik , Simon C. Marshall , Hans J. Briegel , Vedran Dunjko

Quantum circuit optimization is a central task in Quantum Computing, as current Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum devices suffer from error propagation that often scales with the number of operations. Among quantum operations, the CNOT gate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Jacopo Cossio , Daniele Lizzio Bosco , Riccardo Romanello , Giuseppe Serra , Carla Piazza

Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs) have emerged as a powerful class of algorithms that is highly suitable for noisy quantum devices. Therefore, investigating their design has become key in quantum computing research. Previous works have…

Crosstalk and several sources of operational interference are invisible when qubit or a gate is calibrated or benchmarked in isolation. These are unlocked during the execution of full quantum circuit applying entangling gates to several…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-02 Muhammad Ahsan

Reinforcement learning (RL) has proven itself as a powerful tool for the discovery of quantum circuits and quantum protocols. We have recently shown that including composite quantum gates -- referred to as ``gadgets'' -- in the action space…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-30 Oleg M. Yevtushenko , Florian Marquardt

Reinforcement learning (RL) enables agents to learn optimal policies through environmental interaction. However, RL suffers from reduced learning efficiency due to the curse of dimensionality in high-dimensional spaces. Quantum…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Seok Bin Son , Joongheon Kim

Many promising quantum algorithms in economics, medical science, and material science rely on circuits that are parameterized by a large number of angles. To ensure that these algorithms are efficient, these parameterized circuits must be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-09 Neil J. Ross , Scott Wesley

We propose an approach to quantum computing in which quantum gate strengths are parametrized by quantum degrees of freedom, and the capability of the quantum computer to perform desired tasks is monitored and gradually improved by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-25 Soren Gammelmark , Klaus Molmer

Quantum unitary synthesis addresses the problem of translating abstract quantum algorithms into sequences of hardware-executable quantum gates. Solving this task exactly is infeasible in general due to the exponential growth of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-19 Lukas Theißinger , Thore Gerlach , David Berghaus , Christian Bauckhage

In the current era of quantum computing, robust and efficient tools are essential to bridge the gap between simulations and quantum hardware execution. In this work, we introduce a machine learning approach to characterize the noise…