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LLM-based agents represent a paradigm shift in AI, enabling autonomous systems to plan, reason, and use tools while interacting with dynamic environments. This paper provides the first comprehensive survey of evaluation methods for these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Asaf Yehudai , Lilach Eden , Alan Li , Guy Uziel , Yilun Zhao , Roy Bar-Haim , Arman Cohan , Michal Shmueli-Scheuer

Most discussions about Large Language Model (LLM) safety have focused on single-agent settings but multi-agent LLM systems now create novel adversarial risks because their behavior depends on communication between agents and decentralized…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Rana Muhammad Shahroz Khan , Zhen Tan , Sukwon Yun , Charles Fleming , Tianlong Chen

Addressing contextual privacy concerns remains challenging in interactive settings where large language models (LLMs) process information from multiple sources (e.g., summarizing meetings with private and public information). We introduce a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Wenkai Li , Liwen Sun , Zhenxiang Guan , Xuhui Zhou , Maarten Sap

Large language models (LLMs) offer new opportunities for interacting with complex software artifacts, such as software models, through natural language. They present especially promising benefits for large software models that are difficult…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Lukasz Mazur , Nenad Petrovic , James Pontes Miranda , Ansgar Radermacher , Robert Rasche , Alois Knoll

Despite recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs), complex Software Engineering (SE) tasks require more collaborative and specialized approaches. This concept paper systematically reviews the emerging paradigm of LLM-based…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yongjian Tang , Thomas Runkler

Large language models (LLMs) have significantly facilitated human life, and prompt engineering has improved the efficiency of these models. However, recent years have witnessed a rise in prompt engineering-empowered attacks, leading to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Haiyang Huang , Tianhui Meng , Weijia Jia

Large language model (LLM)-powered multi-agent systems (MAS) enable agents to communicate and share information, achieving strong performance on complex tasks. However, this communication also creates an attack surface where malicious…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Lingxi Zhang , Guangtao Zheng , Hanjie Chen

Phishing detection is a critical cybersecurity task that involves the identification and neutralization of fraudulent attempts to obtain sensitive information, thereby safeguarding individuals and organizations from data breaches and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Huilin Wang , Bryan Hooi

AI agents powered by large language models (LLMs) are being deployed at scale, yet we lack a systematic understanding of how the choice of backbone LLM affects agent security. The non-deterministic sequential nature of AI agents complicates…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Julia Bazinska , Max Mathys , Francesco Casucci , Mateo Rojas-Carulla , Xander Davies , Alexandra Souly , Niklas Pfister

Large language models (LLMs) are now routinely used to autonomously execute complex tasks, from natural language processing to dynamic workflows like web searches. The usage of tool-calling and Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) allows…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Dennis Rall , Bernhard Bauer , Mohit Mittal , Thomas Fraunholz

Penetration testing is a critical technique for identifying security vulnerabilities, traditionally performed manually by skilled security specialists. This complex process involves gathering information about the target system, identifying…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Xiangmin Shen , Lingzhi Wang , Zhenyuan Li , Yan Chen , Wencheng Zhao , Dawei Sun , Jiashui Wang , Wei Ruan

Software vulnerability management has become increasingly critical as modern systems scale in size and complexity. However, existing automated approaches remain insufficient. Traditional static analysis methods struggle to precisely capture…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Zelong Zheng , Jiayuan Zhou , Xing Hu , Yi Gao , Shengyi Pan

LLM-based agents have recently attracted significant attention due to their ability to autonomously invoke relevant tools to accomplish complex tasks. However, recent studies have shown that these agents face severe security risks, which…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Jiaqi Luo , Songyang Peng , Jiarun Dai , Zhile Chen , Zhuoxiang Shen , Geng Hong , Xudong Pan , Yuan Zhang , Min Yang

Despite the transformative impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) across various sectors, cyber security continues to rely on traditional static and dynamic analysis tools, hampered by high false positive rates and superficial code…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Rajesh Yarra

Software vulnerabilities, caused by unintentional flaws in source code, are a primary root cause of cyberattacks. Static analysis of source code has been widely used to detect these unintentional defects introduced by software developers.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Andrew A Mahyari

Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited remarkable capabilities across diverse open-domain tasks, yet their application in specialized domains such as civil engineering remains largely unexplored. This paper starts bridging this gap by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Jiachen Liu , Ziheng Geng , Ran Cao , Lu Cheng , Paolo Bocchini , Minghui Cheng

Software debugging is a time-consuming endeavor involving a series of steps, such as fault localization and patch generation, each requiring thorough analysis and a deep understanding of the underlying logic. While large language models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Cheryl Lee , Chunqiu Steven Xia , Longji Yang , Jen-tse Huang , Zhouruixin Zhu , Lingming Zhang , Michael R. Lyu

Multi-agent systems powered by Large Language Models (LLM-MAS) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in collaborative problem-solving. However, their deployment also introduces new security risks. Existing research on LLM-based agents…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Yizhe Xie , Congcong Zhu , Xinyue Zhang , Tianqing Zhu , Dayong Ye , Minghao Wang , Chi Liu

LLM-based agent systems are emerging as a new software paradigm and have been widely adopted across diverse domains such as medicine, robotics, and programming. However, maintaining these systems requires substantial effort, as they are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Alfin Wijaya Rahardja , Junwei Liu , Weitong Chen , Zhenpeng Chen , Yiling Lou

Large language model-based multi-agent systems have shown great abilities across various tasks due to the collaboration of expert agents, each focusing on a specific domain. However, the impact of clumsy or even malicious agents--those who…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Jen-tse Huang , Jiaxu Zhou , Tailin Jin , Xuhui Zhou , Zixi Chen , Wenxuan Wang , Youliang Yuan , Michael R. Lyu , Maarten Sap