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Training machine learning (ML) models is expensive in terms of computational power, amounts of labeled data and human expertise. Thus, ML models constitute intellectual property (IP) and business value for their owners. Embedding digital…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-19 Sebastian Szyller , Buse Gul Atli , Samuel Marchal , N. Asokan

The rapid advancement of generative AI has underscored the critical need for identifying image ownership and protecting copyrights. This makes post-processing image watermarking an essential tool -- it involves embedding a specific…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xinyu Zhang , Ziping Dong , Qingyu Liu , Yuan Hong , Zhongjie Ba , Kui Ren

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate general intelligence across a variety of machine learning tasks, thereby enhancing the commercial value of their intellectual property (IP). To protect this IP, model owners typically allow user…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Kaiyi Pang , Tao Qi , Chuhan Wu , Minhao Bai , Minghu Jiang , Yongfeng Huang

Malicious applications of deepfakes (i.e., technologies generating target facial attributes or entire faces from facial images) have posed a huge threat to individuals' reputation and security. To mitigate these threats, recent studies have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-15 Hao Huang , Yongtao Wang , Zhaoyu Chen , Yuze Zhang , Yuheng Li , Zhi Tang , Wei Chu , Jingdong Chen , Weisi Lin , Kai-Kuang Ma

Deep neural networks have had enormous impact on various domains of computer science, considerably outperforming previous state of the art machine learning techniques. To achieve this performance, neural networks need large quantities of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-09-05 Dorjan Hitaj , Luigi V. Mancini

Nowadays, deep neural networks are used for solving complex tasks in several critical applications and protecting both their integrity and intellectual property rights (IPR) has become of utmost importance. To this end, we advance WaterMAS,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Carl De Sousa Trias , Mihai Mitrea , Attilio Fiandrotti , Marco Cagnazzo , Sumanta Chaudhuri , Enzo Tartaglione

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in natural language understanding and generation. Based on these LLMs, businesses have started to provide Embeddings-as-a-Service (EaaS), offering feature extraction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Anudeex Shetty

Semantic watermarking techniques for latent diffusion models (LDMs) are robust against regeneration attacks, but often suffer from detection performance degradation due to the loss of frequency integrity. To tackle this problem, we propose…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Sung Ju Lee , Nam Ik Cho

With the significant advances in deep generative models for image and video synthesis, Deepfakes and manipulated media have raised severe societal concerns. Conventional machine learning classifiers for deepfake detection often fail to cope…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Aakash Varma Nadimpalli , Ajita Rattani

A watermarking algorithm is proposed in this paper to address the copyright protection issue of implicit 3D models. The algorithm involves embedding watermarks into the images in the training set through an embedding network, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-22 Lifeng Chen , Jia Liu , Yan Ke , Wenquan Sun , Weina Dong , Xiaozhong Pan

Watermarking the outputs of generative models has emerged as a promising approach for tracking their provenance. Despite significant interest in autoregressive image generation models and their potential for misuse, no prior work has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Nikola Jovanović , Ismail Labiad , Tomáš Souček , Martin Vechev , Pierre Fernandez

In recent years, various watermarking methods were suggested to detect computer vision models obtained illegitimately from their owners, however they fail to demonstrate satisfactory robustness against model extraction attacks. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Jacob Shams , Ben Nassi , Ikuya Morikawa , Toshiya Shimizu , Asaf Shabtai , Yuval Elovici

Autoregressive (AR) image generation models have gained increasing attention for their breakthroughs in synthesis quality, highlighting the need for robust watermarking to prevent misuse. However, existing in-generation watermarking…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Siqi Hui , Yiren Song , Sanping Zhou , Ye Deng , Wenli Huang , Jinjun Wang

The rapid proliferation of deep neural networks (DNNs) across several domains has led to increasing concerns regarding intellectual property (IP) protection and model misuse. Trained DNNs represent valuable assets, often developed through…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Sangeeth B , Serena Nicolazzo , Deepa K. , Vinod P

Deep neural networks are valuable assets considering their commercial benefits and huge demands for costly annotation and computation resources. To protect the copyright of DNNs, backdoor-based ownership verification becomes popular…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Guanhao Gan , Yiming Li , Dongxian Wu , Shu-Tao Xia

As AI-generated images become widespread, reliable watermarking is essential for content verification, copyright enforcement, and combating disinformation. Existing techniques rely on heuristic approaches and lack formal guarantees of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Kareem Shehata , Aashish Kolluri , Prateek Saxena

Latent diffusion models have exhibited considerable potential in generative tasks. Watermarking is considered to be an alternative to safeguard the copyright of generative models and prevent their misuse. However, in the context of model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Liangqi Lei , Keke Gai , Jing Yu , Liehuang Zhu , Qi Wu

Machine learning models are being used in an increasing number of critical applications; thus, securing their integrity and ownership is critical. Recent studies observed that adversarial training and watermarking have a conflicting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Janvi Thakkar , Giulio Zizzo , Sergio Maffeis

Deep Neural Network (DNN) watermarking is a method for provenance verification of DNN models. Watermarking should be robust against watermark removal attacks that derive a surrogate model that evades provenance verification. Many…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-12 Nils Lukas , Edward Jiang , Xinda Li , Florian Kerschbaum

Watermarking is a promising defense against the misuse of large language models (LLMs), yet it remains vulnerable to scrubbing and spoofing attacks. This vulnerability stems from an inherent trade-off governed by watermark window size:…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Huanming Shen , Baizhou Huang , Xiaojun Wan