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We present the Input-Connected Multilayer Perceptron (IC-MLP), a feedforward neural network architecture in which each hidden neuron receives, in addition to the outputs of the preceding layer, a direct affine connection from the raw input.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Vugar Ismailov

This paper discusses various theorems on the approximation capabilities of neural networks (NNs), which are known as universal approximation theorems (UATs). The paper gives a systematic overview of UATs starting from the preliminary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Midhun T Augustine

Computer vision (CV) is one of the most crucial fields in artificial intelligence. In recent years, a variety of deep learning models based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and Transformers have been designed to tackle diverse…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Wei Wang , Qing Li

Community structure is largely regarded as an intrinsic property of complex real-world networks. However, recent studies reveal that networks comprise even more sophisticated modules than classical cohesive communities. More precisely,…

Physics and Society · Physics 2011-10-13 Lovro Šubelj , Marko Bajec

It has been hypothesized that some form of "modular" structure in artificial neural networks should be useful for learning, compositionality, and generalization. However, defining and quantifying modularity remains an open problem. We cast…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-23 Richard D. Lange , David S. Rolnick , Konrad P. Kording

Within the limited scope of this paper, we argue that artificial general intelligence cannot emerge from current neural network paradigms regardless of scale, nor is such an approach healthy for the field at present. Drawing on various…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Khanh Gia Bui

Deep neural networks have been the driving force behind the success in classification tasks, e.g., object and audio recognition. Impressive results and generalization have been achieved by a variety of recently proposed architectures, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-12 Grigorios G Chrysos , Markos Georgopoulos , Jiankang Deng , Jean Kossaifi , Yannis Panagakis , Anima Anandkumar

Neural networks have been shown to frequently fail to learn critical safety and correctness properties purely from data, highlighting the need for training methods that directly integrate logical specifications. While adversarial training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Thomas Flinkow , Marco Casadio , Colin Kessler , Rosemary Monahan , Ekaterina Komendantskaya

A barrier to the wider adoption of neural networks is their lack of interpretability. While local explanation methods exist for one prediction, most global attributions still reduce neural network decisions to a single set of features. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-08 Mark Ibrahim , Melissa Louie , Ceena Modarres , John Paisley

Universal approximation theorems establish the expressive capacity of neural network architectures. For dynamical systems, existing results are limited to finite time horizons or systems with a globally stable equilibrium, leaving…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2026-02-12 Abel Sagodi , Il Memming Park

Choosing a deep neural network architecture is a fundamental problem in applications that require balancing performance and parameter efficiency. Standard approaches rely on ad-hoc engineering or computationally expensive validation on a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-01 Calvin Murdock , Simon Lucey

The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is one of the most prominent neural network architectures in deep learning. Despite its widespread adoption, our understanding of its universal approximation properties has been limited due to its…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Geonho Hwang , Myungjoo Kang

We introduce a method for using deep neural networks to amortize the cost of inference in models from the family induced by universal probabilistic programming languages, establishing a framework that combines the strengths of probabilistic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-03 Tuan Anh Le , Atilim Gunes Baydin , Frank Wood

A recent paradigm views deep neural networks as discretizations of certain controlled ordinary differential equations, sometimes called neural ordinary differential equations. We make use of this perspective to link expressiveness of deep…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-07-20 Christa Cuchiero , Martin Larsson , Josef Teichmann

Like any field of empirical science, AI may be approached axiomatically. We formulate requirements for a general-purpose, human-level AI system in terms of postulates. We review the methodology of deep learning, examining the explicit and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-06-26 Eray Özkural

The universal approximation theorem establishes that neural networks can approximate any continuous function on a compact set. Later works in approximation theory provide quantitative approximation rates for ReLU networks on the class of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Jonathan W. Siegel , Snir Hordan , Hannah Lawrence , Ali Syed , Nadav Dym

Neural network width and depth are fundamental aspects of network topology. Universal approximation theorems provide that with increasing width or depth, there exists a neural network that approximates a function arbitrarily well. These…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-31 Ibrohim Nosirov , Jeffrey M. Hokanson

The lack of interpretability has hindered the large-scale adoption of AI technologies. However, the fundamental idea of interpretability, as well as how to put it into practice, remains unclear. We provide notions of interpretability based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-18 Hangcheng Dong , Bingguo Liu , Fengdong Chen , Dong Ye , Guodong Liu

In this paper we consider the limiting case of neural networks (NNs) architectures when the number of neurons in each hidden layer and the number of hidden layers tend to infinity thus forming a continuum, and we derive approximation errors…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Christophe Prieur , Mircea Lazar , Bogdan Robu

In order to choose a neural network architecture that will be effective for a particular modeling problem, one must understand the limitations imposed by each of the potential options. These limitations are typically described in terms of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-02 Jesse Johnson