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Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated great capabilities in natural language understanding and generation, largely attributed to the intricate alignment process using human feedback. While alignment has become an essential training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Bocheng Chen , Hanqing Guo , Guangjing Wang , Yuanda Wang , Qiben Yan

We examine epistemological threats posed by human and LLM interaction. We develop collective epistemology as a theory of epistemic warrant distributed across human collectives, using bounded rationality and dual process theory as…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Angjelin Hila

Stylistic dialogue response generation, with valuable applications in personality-based conversational agents, is a challenging task because the response needs to be fluent, contextually-relevant, as well as paralinguistically accurate.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-09 Tong Niu , Mohit Bansal

Post hoc explanations have emerged as a way to improve user trust in machine learning models by providing insight into model decision-making. However, explanations tend to be evaluated based on their alignment with prior knowledge while the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Tessa Han , Yasha Ektefaie , Maha Farhat , Marinka Zitnik , Himabindu Lakkaraju

Unlearning in large language models (LLMs) aims to remove harmful training data while preserving overall utility. However, we find that existing methods often hallucinate, generate abnormal token sequences, or behave inconsistently, raising…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Renjie Gu , Jiazhen Du , Yihua Zhang , Sijia Liu

Current literature suggests that alignment faking (deceptive alignment) is an emergent property of large language models. We present the first empirical evidence that a small instruction-tuned model, specifically LLaMA 3 8B, can exhibit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Jeanice Koorndijk

Personality traits have long been studied as predictors of human behavior. Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) suggest similar patterns may emerge in artificial systems, with advanced LLMs displaying consistent behavioral…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Pengrui Han , Rafal Kocielnik , Peiyang Song , Ramit Debnath , Dean Mobbs , Anima Anandkumar , R. Michael Alvarez

Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) has emerged as the main paradigm for aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences. Typically, RLHF involves the initial step of learning a reward model from human feedback,…

AI agents are commonly aligned with "human values" through reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), where a single reward model is learned from aggregated human feedback and used to align an agent's behavior. However, human values…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Carter Blair , Kate Larson , Edith Law

Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) has emerged as a reliable approach to aligning large language models (LLMs) to human preferences. Among the plethora of RLHF techniques, proximal policy optimization (PPO) is of the most…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Banghua Zhu , Hiteshi Sharma , Felipe Vieira Frujeri , Shi Dong , Chenguang Zhu , Michael I. Jordan , Jiantao Jiao

Large language models (LLMs) are revolutionizing every aspect of society. They are increasingly used in problem-solving tasks to substitute human assessment and reasoning. LLMs are trained on what humans write and are thus exposed to human…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Fengfei Sun , Ningke Li , Kailong Wang , Lorenz Goette

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly serve as reasoners and automated evaluators, yet they remain susceptible to cognitive biases -- often altering their reasoning when faced with spurious prompt-level cues such as consensus claims or…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Qian Wang , Xuandong Zhao , Zirui Zhang , Zhanzhi Lou , Nuo Chen , Dawn Song , Bingsheng He

Large language models (LLMs) can produce erroneous responses that sound fluent and convincing, raising the risk that users will rely on these responses as if they were correct. Mitigating such overreliance is a key challenge. Through a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Sunnie S. Y. Kim , Jennifer Wortman Vaughan , Q. Vera Liao , Tania Lombrozo , Olga Russakovsky

Both humans and large language models are able to learn language without explicit structural supervision. What inductive biases make this learning possible? We address this fundamental cognitive question by leveraging transformer language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Isabel Papadimitriou , Dan Jurafsky

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong generative capabilities but remain prone to inconsistencies and hallucinations. We introduce Peer Elicitation Games (PEG), a training-free, game-theoretic framework for aligning LLMs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Baiting Chen , Tong Zhu , Jiale Han , Lexin Li , Gang Li , Xiaowu Dai

This paper calls on the research community not only to investigate how human biases are inherited by large language models (LLMs) but also to explore how these biases in LLMs can be leveraged to make society's "unwritten code" - such as…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Honglin Bao , Siyang Wu , Jiwoong Choi , Yingrong Mao , James A. Evans

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed natural language processing and hold growing promise for advancing science, healthcare, and decision-making. Yet their training paradigms remain dominated by affirmation-based inference, akin to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Peter B. Walker , Hannah Davidson , Aiden Foster , Matthew Lienert , Thomas Pardue , Dale Russell

Text-based misinformation permeates online discourses, yet evidence of people's ability to discern truth from such deceptive textual content is scarce. We analyze a novel TV game show data where conversations in a high-stake environment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Sanchaita Hazra , Bodhisattwa Prasad Majumder

We present an ethical decision-making framework that refines a pre-trained reinforcement learning (RL) model using a task-agnostic ethical layer. Following initial training, the RL model undergoes ethical fine-tuning, where human feedback…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Rohit K. Dubey , Damian Dailisan , Sachit Mahajan

Humans use introspection to evaluate their understanding through private internal states inaccessible to external observers. We investigate whether large language models possess similar privileged knowledge about answer correctness,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Tomer Ashuach , Shai Gretz , Yoav Katz , Yonatan Belinkov , Liat Ein-Dor