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Large language model (LLM) serving is becoming an increasingly critical workload for cloud providers. Existing LLM serving systems focus on interactive requests, such as chatbots and coding assistants, with tight latency SLO requirements.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Archit Patke , Dhemath Reddy , Saurabh Jha , Haoran Qiu , Christian Pinto , Chandra Narayanaswami , Zbigniew Kalbarczyk , Ravishankar Iyer

This work elaborates on a High performance computing (HPC) architecture based on Simple Linux Utility for Resource Management (SLURM) [1] for deploying heterogeneous Large Language Models (LLMs) into a scalable inference engine. Dynamic…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Anderson de Lima Luiz , Shubham Vijay Kurlekar , Munir Georges

Large language models (LLMs) with chain-of-thought reasoning achieve state-of-the-art performance across complex problem-solving tasks, but their verbose reasoning traces and large context requirements make them impractical for edge…

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 and Llama have shown remarkable capabilities in a variety of software engineering tasks. Despite the advancements, their practical deployment faces challenges, including high financial costs, long…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Yueyue Liu , Hongyu Zhang , Yuantian Miao

The widespread adoption of Language Models (LMs) across industries is driving interest in deploying these services across the computing continuum, from the cloud to the network edge. This shift aims to reduce costs, lower latency, and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-30 SiYoung Jang , Roberto Morabito

"Bigger the better" has been the predominant trend in recent Large Language Models (LLMs) development. However, LLMs do not suit well for scenarios that require on-device processing, energy efficiency, low memory footprint, and response…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Omkar Thawakar , Ashmal Vayani , Salman Khan , Hisham Cholakal , Rao M. Anwer , Michael Felsberg , Tim Baldwin , Eric P. Xing , Fahad Shahbaz Khan

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across a wide range of industrial applications, from search and recommendation systems to generative tasks. Although scaling laws indicate that larger models generally…

On-device deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) frequently leverages Low-Rank Adapters (LoRAs) to support diverse downstream tasks under tight resource constraints. To address the limited storage capacity of mobile devices, recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Donald Shenaj , Ondrej Bohdal , Taha Ceritli , Mete Ozay , Pietro Zanuttigh , Umberto Michieli

On-device inference for Large Language Models (LLMs), driven by increasing privacy concerns and advancements of mobile-sized models, has gained significant interest. However, even mobile-sized LLMs (e.g., Gemma-2B) encounter unacceptably…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Daliang Xu , Hao Zhang , Liming Yang , Ruiqi Liu , Gang Huang , Mengwei Xu , Xuanzhe Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become extremely potent instruments with exceptional capacities for comprehending and producing human-like text in a wide range of applications. However, the increasing size and complexity of LLMs present…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Yingbing Huang , Lily Jiaxin Wan , Hanchen Ye , Manvi Jha , Jinghua Wang , Yuhong Li , Xiaofan Zhang , Deming Chen

Deploying large language models (LLMs) on edge devices is crucial for delivering fast responses and ensuring data privacy. However, the limited storage, weight, and power of edge devices make it difficult to deploy LLM-powered applications.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Chunlin Tian , Xinpeng Qin , Kahou Tam , Li Li , Zijian Wang , Yuanzhe Zhao , Minglei Zhang , Chengzhong Xu

On-device large language models (LLMs), referring to running LLMs on edge devices, have raised considerable interest since they are more cost-effective, latency-efficient, and privacy-preserving compared with the cloud paradigm.…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Guanqiao Qu , Qiyuan Chen , Wei Wei , Zheng Lin , Xianhao Chen , Kaibin Huang

Existing large language model (LLM) serving systems fall into two categories: 1) a unified system where prefill phase and decode phase are co-located on the same GPU, sharing the unified computational resource and storage, and 2) a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Ke Hong , Lufang Chen , Zhong Wang , Xiuhong Li , Qiuli Mao , Jianping Ma , Chao Xiong , Guanyu Wu , Buhe Han , Guohao Dai , Yun Liang , Yu Wang

This paper presents a systematic review of the infrastructure requirements for deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) on-device within the context of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), focusing on both hardware and software…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Jeremy Stephen Gabriel Yee , Pai Chet Ng , Zhengkui Wang , Ian McLoughlin , Aik Beng Ng , Simon See

Large language models (LLMs) have been widely adopted due to their remarkable performance across various applications, driving the accelerated development of a large number of diverse models. However, these individual LLMs show limitations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Kaushal Kumar Maurya , KV Aditya Srivatsa , Ekaterina Kochmar

Recent breakthroughs in Large-scale language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance on various tasks. The immense sizes of LLMs have led to very high resource demand and cost for running the models. Though the models are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Juntao Zhao , Borui Wan , Yanghua Peng , Haibin Lin , Chuan Wu

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing with their exceptional understanding, synthesizing, and reasoning capabilities. However, deploying LLMs on resource-constrained edge devices presents significant…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Yue Zheng , Yuhao Chen , Bin Qian , Xiufang Shi , Yuanchao Shu , Jiming Chen

The increasing demand for Large Language Models (LLMs) across various applications has led to a significant shift in the design of deep learning serving systems. Deploying LLMs, particularly in multi-tenant environments, poses substantial…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Bodun Hu , Jiamin Li , Le Xu , Myungjin Lee , Akshay Jajoo , Geon-Woo Kim , Hong Xu , Aditya Akella

Collaboratively fine-tuning (FT) large language models (LLMs) over heterogeneous mobile devices fosters immense potential applications of personalized intelligence. However, such a vision faces critical system challenges. Conventional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Xingke Yang , Liang Li , Sicong Li , Liwei Guan , Hao Wang , Xiaoqi Qi , Jiang Liu , Xin Fu , Miao Pan

The customization of large language models (LLMs) for user-specified tasks gets important. However, maintaining all the customized LLMs on cloud servers incurs substantial memory and computational overheads, and uploading user data can also…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Jihwan Bang , Juntae Lee , Kyuhong Shim , Seunghan Yang , Simyung Chang