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Current autonomous driving (AD) simulations are critically limited by their inadequate representation of realistic and diverse human behavior, which is essential for ensuring safety and reliability. Existing benchmarks often simplify…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Mohan Ramesh , Mark Azer , Fabian B. Flohr

The controller is one of the most important modules in the autonomous driving pipeline, ensuring the vehicle reaches its desired position. In this work, a reinforcement learning based lateral control approach, despite the imperfections in…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Chengdong Wu , Sven Kirchner , Nils Purschke , Alois C. Knoll

Risk is traditionally described as the expected likelihood of an undesirable outcome, such as collisions for autonomous vehicles. Accurately predicting risk or potentially risky situations is critical for the safe operation of autonomous…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Kasra Mokhtari , Alan R. Wagner

Autonomous robots operating in open and changing environments cannot always rely on predefined inputs, outputs, and action routines. Although existing learning methods enable robots to improve their performance through environmental…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Hong Su

End-to-end approaches to autonomous driving commonly rely on expert demonstrations. Although humans are good drivers, they are not good coaches for end-to-end algorithms that demand dense on-policy supervision. On the contrary, automated…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-06 Zhejun Zhang , Alexander Liniger , Dengxin Dai , Fisher Yu , Luc Van Gool

Conventional end-to-end autonomous driving methods often rely on explicit global scene representations, which typically consist of 3D object detection, online mapping, and motion prediction. In contrast, human drivers selectively attend to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Ruiqi Song , Xianda Guo , Yanlun Peng , Qinggong Wei , Hangbin Wu , Long Chen

End-to-end autonomous driving, which bypasses traditional modular pipelines by directly predicting future trajectories from sensor inputs, has recently achieved substantial progress. However, existing methods often overlook the causal…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Seokha Moon , Minseung Lee , Joon Seo , Jinkyu Kim , Jungbeom Lee

Latent World Models enhance scene representation through temporal self-supervised learning, presenting a perception annotation-free paradigm for end-to-end autonomous driving. However, the reconstruction-oriented representation learning…

Vision-based urban driving is hard. The autonomous system needs to learn to perceive the world and act in it. We show that this challenging learning problem can be simplified by decomposing it into two stages. We first train an agent that…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-12-30 Dian Chen , Brady Zhou , Vladlen Koltun , Philipp Krähenbühl

Open-loop (OL) to closed-loop (CL) gap (OL-CL gap) exists when OL-pretrained policies scoring high in OL evaluations fail to transfer effectively in closed-loop (CL) deployment. In this paper, we unveil the root causes of this systemic…

Traditionally, prediction and planning in autonomous driving (AD) have been treated as separate, sequential modules. Recently, there has been a growing shift towards tighter integration of these components, known as Integrated Prediction…

Recent breakthroughs in autonomous driving have been propelled by advances in robust world modeling, fundamentally transforming how vehicles interpret dynamic scenes and execute safe decision-making. World models have emerged as a linchpin…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Tuo Feng , Wenguan Wang , Yi Yang

The hype around self-driving cars has been growing over the past years and has sparked much research. Several modules in self-driving cars are thoroughly investigated to ensure safety, comfort, and efficiency, among which the controller is…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Jilan Samiuddin , Benoit Boulet , Di Wu

Real-time perception and motion planning are two crucial tasks for autonomous driving. While there are many research works focused on improving the performance of perception and motion planning individually, it is still not clear how a…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-09-01 Zhanhong Huang , Xiao Zhang , Xinming Huang

Due to the powerful vision-language reasoning and generalization abilities, multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have garnered significant attention in the field of end-to-end (E2E) autonomous driving. However, their application to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Xueyi Liu , Zuodong Zhong , Yuxin Guo , Yun-Fu Liu , Zhiguo Su , Qichao Zhang , Junli Wang , Yinfeng Gao , Yupeng Zheng , Qiao Lin , Huiyong Chen , Dongbin Zhao

The inherent sequential modeling capabilities of autoregressive models make them a formidable baseline for end-to-end planning in autonomous driving. Nevertheless, their performance is constrained by a spatio-temporal misalignment, as the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Jianbo Zhao , Taiyu Ban , Xiangjie Li , Xingtai Gui , Hangning Zhou , Lei Liu , Hongwei Zhao , Bin Li

Unlike popular modularized framework, end-to-end autonomous driving seeks to solve the perception, decision and control problems in an integrated way, which can be more adapting to new scenarios and easier to generalize at scale. However,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Jianyu Chen , Shengbo Eben Li , Masayoshi Tomizuka

Recent advances in high-fidelity simulators have enabled closed-loop training of autonomous driving agents, potentially solving the distribution shift in training v.s. deployment and allowing training to be scaled both safely and cheaply.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Chris Zhang , Runsheng Guo , Wenyuan Zeng , Yuwen Xiong , Binbin Dai , Rui Hu , Mengye Ren , Raquel Urtasun

In end-to-end autonomous driving,the motion prediction plays a pivotal role in ego-vehicle planning. However, existing methods often rely on globally aggregated motion features, ignoring the fact that planning decisions are primarily…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Bin Sun , Boao Zhang , Jiayi Lu , Xinjie Feng , Jiachen Shang , Rui Cao , Mengchao Zheng , Chuanye Wang , Shichun Yang , Yaoguang Cao , Ziying Song

We propose UAD, a method for vision-based end-to-end autonomous driving (E2EAD), achieving the best open-loop evaluation performance in nuScenes, meanwhile showing robust closed-loop driving quality in CARLA. Our motivation stems from the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Mingzhe Guo , Zhipeng Zhang , Yuan He , Ke Wang , Liping Jing