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Quantum error mitigation (QEM) is a class of promising techniques capable of reducing the computational error of variational quantum algorithms tailored for current noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers. The recently proposed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-17 Yifeng Xiong , Soon Xin Ng , Lajos Hanzo

Quantum error mitigation is a critical technology for extracting reliable computations from noisy quantum processors, proving itself essential not only in the near term but also as a valuable supplement to fully fault-tolerant systems in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-24 Dayue Qin , Ying Li , You Zhou

As quantum computing advances towards practical applications, reducing errors remains a crucial frontier for developing near-term devices. Errors in the quantum gates and quantum state readout could result in noisy circuits, which would…

In the era of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices, the number of controllable hardware qubits is insufficient to implement quantum error correction (QEC). As an alternative, quantum error mitigation (QEM) can suppress errors in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-02 Yuchen Guo , Shuo Yang

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) offer the most promising path to obtaining quantum advantages via noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) processors. Such systems leverage classical optimization to tune the parameters of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-26 Sharu Theresa Jose , Osvaldo Simeone

Classical shadows enable us to learn many properties of a quantum state $\rho$ with very few measurements. However, near-term and early fault-tolerant quantum computers will only be able to prepare noisy quantum states $\rho$ and it is thus…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-16 Hamza Jnane , Jonathan Steinberg , Zhenyu Cai , H. Chau Nguyen , Bálint Koczor

Error mitigation is an essential component of achieving a practical quantum advantage in the near term, and a number of different approaches have been proposed. In this work, we recognize that many state-of-the-art error mitigation methods…

Quantum data encoding (QDE) enables faster com-putations than classical algorithms through superposition and en-tanglement. Circuit cutting and knitting are effective techniques for ameliorating current noisy quantum processing unit (QPUs)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-19 Ziqing Guo , Jan Balewski , Kewen Xiao , Ziwen Pan

Achieving near-term quantum advantage will require effective methods for mitigating hardware noise. Data-driven approaches to error mitigation are promising, with popular examples including zero-noise extrapolation (ZNE) and Clifford data…

Error mitigation is essential for extracting reliable results from quantum computations performed on noisy intermediate-scale quantum hardware. Here we introduce Noise-Robust Estimation (NRE), a noise-agnostic framework that suppresses…

Quantum error mitigation (EM) is a family of hybrid quantum-classical methods for eliminating or reducing the effect of noise and decoherence on quantum algorithms run on quantum hardware, without applying quantum error correction (EC).…

Quantum error mitigation, a data processing technique for recovering the statistics of target processes from their noisy version, is a crucial task for near-term quantum technologies. Most existing methods require prior knowledge of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-04 Manwen Liao , Yan Zhu , Giulio Chiribella , Yuxiang Yang

Error mitigation techniques are crucial to achieving near-term quantum advantage. Classical post-processing of quantum computation outcomes is a popular approach for error mitigation, which includes methods such as Zero Noise Extrapolation,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-01 Maksym Prodius , Piotr Czarnik , Michael McKerns , Andrew T. Sornborger , Lukasz Cincio

Quantum error mitigation (QEM) has been proposed as an alternative method of quantum error correction to compensate errors in quantum systems without qubit overhead. While Markovian gate errors on digital quantum computers have been mainly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-09 Hideaki Hakoshima , Yuichiro Matsuzaki , Suguru Endo

We present a general framework for applying linear quantum error mitigation (QEM) techniques directly to physical qubits within a logical qubit to suppress logical errors. By exploiting the linearity of quantum error correction (QEC), we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-27 Minjun Jeon , Zhenyu Cai

Quantum Neural Networks (QNNs) represent a promising direction within Quantum Machine Learning (QML), yet their realization on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices remains constrained by decoherence, gate imperfections,…

Correcting errors due to noise in quantum circuits run on current and near-term quantum hardware is essential for any convincing demonstration of quantum advantage. Indeed, in many cases it has been shown that noise renders quantum circuits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-08 Rawad Mezher , James Mills , Elham Kashefi

Accurate assessment and management of errors is indispensable for extracting useful results from noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. In this work, we propose the qubit error probability (QEP), a device specific metric that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-25 Nahual Sobrino , Unai Aseginolaza , Joaquim Jornet-Somoza , Juan Borge

Quantum error mitigation (QEM) is a promising technique of protecting hybrid quantum-classical computation from decoherence, but it suffers from sampling overhead which erodes the computational speed. In this treatise, we provide a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-17 Yifeng Xiong , Daryus Chandra , Soon Xin Ng , Lajos Hanzo

Variational quantum algorithms hold great promise for unlocking the power of near-term quantum processors, yet high measurement costs, barren plateaus, and challenging optimization landscapes frequently hinder them. Here, we introduce…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-10 Mengzhen Ren , Yu-Cheng Chen , Yangsen Ye , Min-Hsiu Hsieh , Alice Hu , Chang-Yu Hsieh