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The remarkable language ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) stems from extensive training on vast datasets, often including copyrighted material, which raises serious concerns about unauthorized use. While Membership Inference Attacks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Haodong Li , Jingqi Zhang , Xiao Cheng , Peihua Mai , Haoyu Wang , Yan Pang

The widespread use of Large Language Models (LLMs) raises critical concerns regarding the unauthorized inclusion of copyrighted content in training data. Existing detection frameworks, such as DE-COP, are computationally intensive, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-20 David Szczecina , Senan Gaffori , Edmond Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) utilize extensive knowledge databases and show powerful text generation ability. However, their reliance on high-quality copyrighted datasets raises concerns about copyright infringements in generated texts.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Qichao Ma , Rui-Jie Zhu , Peiye Liu , Renye Yan , Fahong Zhang , Ling Liang , Meng Li , Zhaofei Yu , Zongwei Wang , Yimao Cai , Tiejun Huang

Code auditing ensures that the developed code adheres to standards, regulations, and copyright protection by verifying that it does not contain code from protected sources. The recent advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) as coding…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Vahid Majdinasab , Amin Nikanjam , Foutse Khomh

While Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at code generation, their inherent tendency toward verbatim memorization of training data introduces critical risks like copyright infringement, insecure emission, and deprecated API utilization,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Xue Jiang , Yihong Dong , Huangzhao Zhang , Tangxinyu Wang , Zheng Fang , Yingwei Ma , Rongyu Cao , Binhua Li , Zhi Jin , Wenpin Jiao , Yongbin Li , Ge Li

The exposure of large language models (LLMs) to copyrighted material during pre-training raises concerns about unintentional copyright infringement post deployment. This has driven the development of "copyright takedown" methods,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Jingyu Zhang , Jiacan Yu , Marc Marone , Benjamin Van Durme , Daniel Khashabi

Pre-training, which utilizes extensive and varied datasets, is a critical factor in the success of Large Language Models (LLMs) across numerous applications. However, the detailed makeup of these datasets is often not disclosed, leading to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Haodong Li , Gelei Deng , Yi Liu , Kailong Wang , Yuekang Li , Tianwei Zhang , Yang Liu , Guoai Xu , Guosheng Xu , Haoyu Wang

The pre-training paradigm plays a key role in the success of Large Language Models (LLMs), which have been recognized as one of the most significant advancements of AI recently. Building on these breakthroughs, code LLMs with advanced…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Yuheng Huang , Lei Ma , Keizaburo Nishikino , Takumi Akazaki

Large language models (LLMs) learn a vast amount of knowledge during pretraining, but they are often oblivious to the source(s) of such knowledge. We investigate the problem of intrinsic source citation, where LLMs are required to cite the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Muhammad Khalifa , David Wadden , Emma Strubell , Honglak Lee , Lu Wang , Iz Beltagy , Hao Peng

High-quality training data has proven crucial for developing performant large language models (LLMs). However, commercial LLM providers disclose few, if any, details about the data used for training. This lack of transparency creates…

The widespread popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs), partly due to their unique ability to perform in-context learning, has also brought to light the importance of ethical and safety considerations when deploying these pre-trained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Karuna Bhaila , Minh-Hao Van , Xintao Wu

Recent work targeting large language models (LLMs) for code generation demonstrated that increasing the amount of training data through synthetic code generation often leads to exceptional performance. In this paper we explore data pruning…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Yun-Da Tsai , Mingjie Liu , Haoxing Ren

The proliferation of large language models (LLMs) in the real world has come with a rise in copyright cases against companies for training their models on unlicensed data from the internet. Recent works have presented methods to identify if…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Pratyush Maini , Hengrui Jia , Nicolas Papernot , Adam Dziedzic

As large language models (LLMs) are trained on increasingly vast and opaque text corpora, determining which data contributed to training has become essential for copyright enforcement, compliance auditing, and user trust. While prior work…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Pranav Shetty , Mirazul Haque , Zhiqiang Ma , Xiaomo Liu

Preference learning provides a promising solution to address the limitations of supervised fine-tuning (SFT) for code language models, where the model is not explicitly trained to differentiate between correct and incorrect code. Recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Dylan Zhang , Shizhe Diao , Xueyan Zou , Hao Peng

Background: Leaking sensitive information - such as API keys, tokens, and credentials - in source code remains a persistent security threat. Traditional regex and entropy-based tools often generate high false positives due to limited…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Md Nafiu Rahman , Sadif Ahmed , Zahin Wahab , S M Sohan , Rifat Shahriyar

Large Language Models (LLMs) are rapidly gaining enormous popularity in recent years. However, the training of LLMs has raised significant privacy and legal concerns, particularly regarding the distillation and inclusion of copyrighted…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-07 Yinpeng Cai , Lexin Li , Linjun Zhang

Machine learning models trained on code and related artifacts offer valuable support for software maintenance but suffer from interpretability issues due to their complex internal variables. These concerns are particularly significant in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Vahid Majdinasab , Amin Nikanjam , Foutse Khomh

Intelligent or generative writing tools rely on large language models that recognize, summarize, translate, and predict content. This position paper probes the copyright interests of open data sets used to train large language models…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-04-07 Madiha Zahrah Choksi , David Goedicke

As the scale of training corpora for large language models (LLMs) grows, model developers become increasingly reluctant to disclose details on their data. This lack of transparency poses challenges to scientific evaluation and ethical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Weichao Zhang , Ruqing Zhang , Jiafeng Guo , Maarten de Rijke , Yixing Fan , Xueqi Cheng
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