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Embedding benchmarks like MTEB report a single score per model, implicitly treating robustness as a static, scalar property. We argue that embedding robustness is multidimensional, since models respond differently to different types of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Manuel Frank , Haithem Afli

In this work, we introduce the Qwen3 Embedding series, a significant advancement over its predecessor, the GTE-Qwen series, in text embedding and reranking capabilities, built upon the Qwen3 foundation models. Leveraging the Qwen3 LLMs'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Yanzhao Zhang , Mingxin Li , Dingkun Long , Xin Zhang , Huan Lin , Baosong Yang , Pengjun Xie , An Yang , Dayiheng Liu , Junyang Lin , Fei Huang , Jingren Zhou

Training a family of large language models targeting multiple scales and deployment objectives is prohibitively expensive, requiring separate training runs for each different size. Recent work on model compression through pruning and…

Existing large language models (LLMs) for machine translation are typically fine-tuned on sentence-level translation instructions and achieve satisfactory performance at the sentence level. However, when applied to document-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Yachao Li , Junhui Li , Jing Jiang , Min Zhang

Vietnam ranks among the top countries in terms of both internet traffic and online toxicity. As a result, implementing embedding models for recommendation and content control duties in applications is crucial. However, a lack of large-scale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Loc Pham , Tung Luu , Thu Vo , Minh Nguyen , Viet Hoang

We introduce the Massive Audio Embedding Benchmark (MAEB), a large-scale benchmark covering 30 tasks across speech, music, environmental sounds, and cross-modal audio-text reasoning in 100+ languages. We evaluate 50+ models and find that no…

Text embeddings from large language models (LLMs) have achieved excellent results in tasks such as information retrieval, semantic textual similarity, etc. In this work, we show an interesting finding: when feeding a text into the LLM-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Zhijie Nie , Richong Zhang , Zhanyu Wu

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have shown promising advancements in general visual and language understanding. However, the representation of multimodal information using MLLMs remains largely unexplored. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Ting Jiang , Minghui Song , Zihan Zhang , Haizhen Huang , Weiwei Deng , Feng Sun , Qi Zhang , Deqing Wang , Fuzhen Zhuang

Rapid advancements of large language model (LLM) technologies led to the introduction of powerful open-source instruction-tuned LLMs that have the same text generation quality as the state-of-the-art counterparts such as GPT-4. While the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Mikhail Tikhomirov , Daniil Chernyshev

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in the telecommunications domain for critical tasks, relying heavily on Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) to adapt general-purpose models to continuously evolving standards. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Pranshav Gajjar , Vijay K Shah

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become ubiquitous across various domains, transforming the way we interact with information and conduct research. However, most high-performing LLMs remain confined behind proprietary walls, hindering…

Large decoder-only language models (LLMs) are the state-of-the-art models on most of today's NLP tasks and benchmarks. Yet, the community is only slowly adopting these models for text embedding tasks, which require rich contextualized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Parishad BehnamGhader , Vaibhav Adlakha , Marius Mosbach , Dzmitry Bahdanau , Nicolas Chapados , Siva Reddy

Embedding models play a crucial role in representing and retrieving information across various NLP applications. Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have further enhanced the performance of embedding models. While these models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Yixuan Tang , Yi Yang

In the large language model (LLM) revolution, embedding is a key component of various systems, such as retrieving knowledge or memories for LLMs or building content moderation filters. As such cases span from English to other natural or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Xin Zhang , Zehan Li , Yanzhao Zhang , Dingkun Long , Pengjun Xie , Meishan Zhang , Min Zhang

Embedding models play a crucial role in representing and retrieving information across various NLP applications. Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have further enhanced the performance of embedding models, which are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Yixuan Tang , Yi Yang

While BERT is an effective method for learning monolingual sentence embeddings for semantic similarity and embedding based transfer learning BERT based cross-lingual sentence embeddings have yet to be explored. We systematically investigate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Jingshu Liu , Raheel Qader , Gaëtan Caillaut , Mariam Nakhlé

Despite the success of text retrieval in many NLP tasks, code retrieval remains a largely underexplored area. Most text retrieval systems are tailored for natural language queries, often neglecting the specific challenges of retrieving…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Ye Liu , Rui Meng , Shafiq Joty , Silvio Savarese , Caiming Xiong , Yingbo Zhou , Semih Yavuz

Dense retrieval calls for discriminative embeddings to represent the semantic relationship between query and document. It may benefit from the using of large language models (LLMs), given LLMs' strong capability on semantic understanding.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Zheng Liu , Chaofan Li , Shitao Xiao , Yingxia Shao , Defu Lian

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in highly-specialized domains, however challenges are still present in aspects of accuracy and costs. These limitations restrict the usage of existing models in domain-specific tasks. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Iftach Arbel , Yehonathan Refael , Ofir Lindenbaum

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional proficiency in text understanding and embedding tasks. However, their potential in multimodal representation, particularly for item-to-item (I2I) recommendations, remains…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Chao Zhang , Haoxin Zhang , Shiwei Wu , Di Wu , Tong Xu , Xiangyu Zhao , Yan Gao , Yao Hu , Enhong Chen