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Energy is now a critical ML computing resource. While measuring energy consumption and observing trends is a valuable first step, accurately understanding and diagnosing why those differences occur is crucial for optimization. To that end,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Jae-Won Chung , Ruofan Wu , Jeff J. Ma , Mosharaf Chowdhury

Global climate models (GCMs), typically run at ~100-km resolution, capture large-scale environmental conditions but cannot resolve convection and cloud processes at kilometer scales. Convection-permitting models offer higher-resolution…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-05-12 Hungjui Yu , Lander Ver Hoef , Kristen L. Rasmussen , Imme Ebert-Uphoff

The environmental impacts of global warming driven by methane (CH4) emissions have catalyzed significant research initiatives in developing novel technologies that enable proactive and rapid detection of CH4. Several data-driven machine…

The deployment of machine learning (ML) models on microcontrollers (MCUs) is constrained by strict energy, latency, and memory requirements, particularly in battery-operated and real-time edge devices. While software-level optimizations…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Anastasios Fanariotis , Theofanis Orphanoudakis , Vasilis Fotopoulos

Small Language Models (SLMs) offer computational efficiency and accessibility, yet a systematic evaluation of their performance and environmental impact remains lacking. We introduce SLM-Bench, the first benchmark specifically designed to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Nghiem Thanh Pham , Tung Kieu , Duc-Manh Nguyen , Son Ha Xuan , Nghia Duong-Trung , Danh Le-Phuoc

This study investigates the application of advanced machine learning models, specifically Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks and Gradient Booster models, for accurate energy consumption estimation within a Kubernetes cluster…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Kasra Kassai , Tasos Dagiuklas , Satwat Bashir , Muddesar Iqbal

Interactive computational notebooks (e.g., Jupyter notebooks) are widely used in machine learning engineering (MLE) to program and share end-to-end pipelines, from data preparation to model training and evaluation. However, environment…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Bihui Jin , Kaiyuan Wang , Pengyu Nie

Machine learning and deep learning models have become essential in the recent fast development of artificial intelligence in many sectors of the society. It is now widely acknowledge that the development of these models has an environmental…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Lucia Bouza Heguerte , Aurélie Bugeau , Loïc Lannelongue

The past year has witnessed the increasing popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs). Their unprecedented scale and associated high hardware cost have impeded their broader adoption, calling for efficient hardware designs. With the large…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Hengrui Zhang , August Ning , Rohan Prabhakar , David Wentzlaff

Accurate and high-resolution Earth system model (ESM) simulations are essential to assess the ecological and socio-economic impacts of anthropogenic climate change, but are computationally too expensive to be run at sufficiently high…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-02-27 Philipp Hess , Michael Aich , Baoxiang Pan , Niklas Boers

The large increase in the number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices have revolutionised the way data is processed, which added to the current trend from cloud to edge computing has resulted in the need for efficient and reliable data…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Jose-Carlos Gamazo-Real , Raul Torres Fernandez , Adrian Murillo Armas

Mixture of Experts (MoE) LLMs, characterized by their sparse activation patterns, offer a promising approach to scaling language models while avoiding proportionally increasing the inference cost. However, their large parameter sizes…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Yichao Yuan , Lin Ma , Nishil Talati

Information and communication technologies account for a growing portion of global environmental impacts. While emerging technologies, such as emerging non-volatile memories (eNVM), offer a promising solution to energy efficient computing,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Hongbang Wu , Xuesi Chen , Shubham Jadhav , Amit Lal , Lillian Pentecost , Udit Gupta

Ensemble techniques in recommender systems have demonstrated accuracy improvements of 10-30%, yet their environmental impact remains unmeasured. While deep learning recommendation algorithms can generate up to 3,297 kg CO2 per paper,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Jannik Nitschke

The rapid evolution and widespread adoption of generative large language models (LLMs) have made them a pivotal workload in various applications. Today, LLM inference clusters receive a large number of queries with strict Service Level…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Jovan Stojkovic , Chaojie Zhang , Íñigo Goiri , Josep Torrellas , Esha Choukse

Sustainable software engineering has received a lot of attention in recent times, as we witness an ever-growing slice of energy use, for example, at data centers, as software systems utilize the underlying infrastructure. Characterizing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-16 Priyavanshi Pathania , Rohit Mehra , Vibhu Saujanya Sharma , Vikrant Kaulgud , Sanjay Podder , Adam P. Burden

The rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) has led to significant energy consumption and carbon emissions, posing a critical challenge to the sustainability of generative AI technologies. This paper explores the integration of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Tahniat Khan , Soroor Motie , Sedef Akinli Kocak , Shaina Raza

Modern data centers suffer from a growing carbon footprint due to insufficient support for environmental sustainability. While hardware accelerators and renewable energy have been utilized to enhance sustainability, addressing Quality of…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Fan Chen

The increasing deployment of large language models (LLMs) in natural language processing (NLP) tasks raises concerns about energy efficiency and sustainability. While prior research has largely focused on energy consumption during model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Johannes Zschache , Tilman Hartwig

Sustainability and efficiency have become essential considerations in the development and deployment of Artificial Intelligence systems, but existing regulatory practices for Green AI still lack standardized, model-agnostic evaluation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Jorge Paz-Ruza , João Gama , Amparo Alonso-Betanzos , Bertha Guijarro-Berdiñas