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Large Language Models possess skills such as answering questions, writing essays or solving programming exercises. Since these models are easily accessible, researchers have investigated their capabilities and risks for programming…
Learning basic programming with Scratch can be hard for novices and tutors alike: Students may not know how to advance when solving a task, teachers may face classrooms with many raised hands at a time, and the problem is exacerbated when…
Students often struggle with solving programming problems when learning to code, especially when they have to do it online, with one of the most common disadvantages of working online being the lack of personalized help. This help can be…
Generating hints for incorrect code is a cognitively demanding task that fosters learning and metacognitive development. This study investigates three designs for personalized, scalable, and reflective hint-writing activities within a data…
Timely and high-quality feedback is essential for effective learning in programming courses; yet, providing such support at scale remains a challenge. While AI-based systems offer scalable and immediate help, their responses can…
We evaluate an automatic hint generator for CS1 programming assignments powered by GPT-4, a large language model. This system provides natural language guidance about how students can improve their incorrect solutions to short programming…
As AI tools such as ChatGPT enter programming classrooms, students encounter differing rules across courses and instructors, which shape how they use AI and leave them with unequal capabilities for leveraging it. We investigate how students…
Generative AI tools, such as AI-generated hints, are increasingly integrated into programming education to offer timely, personalized support. However, little is known about how to effectively leverage these hints while ensuring autonomous…
Generative AI tools such as ChatGPT now provide novice programmers with unprecedented access to instant, personalized support. While this holds clear promise, their influence on students' metacognitive processes remains underexplored.…
Research on intelligent tutoring systems has been exploring data-driven methods to deliver effective adaptive assistance. While much work has been done to provide adaptive assistance when students seek help, they may not seek help…
With the growing use of artificial intelligence in classrooms and online learning, it has become important to understand how students actually interact with AI tools and how such interactions match with traditional ways of learning. In this…
Research has shown assistance can provide many benefits to novices lacking the mental models needed for problem solving in a new domain. However, varying approaches to assistance, such as subgoals and next-step hints, have been implemented…
This paper explores the space of optimizing feedback mechanisms in complex domains, such as data science, by combining two prevailing approaches: Artificial Intelligence (AI) and learnersourcing. Towards addressing the challenges posed by…
How students utilize immediate tutoring feedback in programming education depends on various factors. Among them are the feedback quality, but also students' engagement, i.e., their perception, interpretation, and use of feedback. However,…
This chapter explores the evolution of data-driven hint generation for intelligent tutoring systems (ITS). The Hint Factory and Interaction Networks have enabled the generation of next-step hints, waypoints, and strategic subgoals from…
Multi-agent AI systems, which simulate diverse instructional roles such as teachers and peers, offer new possibilities for personalized and interactive learning. Yet, student-AI interaction patterns and their pedagogical implications remain…
The kind of help a student receives during a task has been shown to play a significant role in their learning process. We designed an interaction scenario with a robotic tutor, in real-life settings based on an inquiry-based learning task.…
The growing adoption of generative AI in education highlights the need to integrate established pedagogical principles into AI-assisted learning environments. This study investigates the potential of metacognitive theory to inform…
Motivation: Students learning to program often reach states where they are stuck and can make no forward progress. An automatically generated next-step hint can help them make forward progress and support their learning. It is important to…
The new capabilities of generative artificial intelligence tools Generative AI, such as ChatGPT, allow users to interact with the system in intuitive ways, such as simple conversations, and receive (mostly) good-quality answers. These…